Roles of silica and lignin in horsetail (<i>Equisetum hyemale</i>), with special reference to mechanical properties

Yamanaka, Shigeru; Sato, Kanna; Ito, Fuyu; Komatsubara, Satoshi; Ohata, Hiroshi; Yoshino, Katsumi

doi:10.1063/1.3688253

Cited by 13 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…These observations are in agreement with what was previously shown in the literature, i.e. that Si-deficient horsetail had fragile, weak stems which subsequently withered, while Si-supplemented Equisetum did not [12]. Within 2 weeks, the infected areas were completely necrotic.…”

Section: Si-deficient Horsetail Succumbed To Biotic Stressors After 1supporting

confidence: 93%

Rough and tough. How does silicic acid protect horsetail from fungal infection?

Guerriero

Law

Stokes

et al. 2018

Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology

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Horsetail (Equisetum arvense) plants grew healthily for 10 weeks under both Si-deficient and Si-replete conditions. After 10 weeks, plants grown under Si-deficient conditions succumbed to fungal infection. We have used NanoSIMS and fluorescence microscopy to investigate silica deposition in the tissues of these plants. Horsetail grown under Si-deficient conditions did not deposit identifiable amounts of silica in their tissues. Plants grown under Si-replete conditions accumulated silica throughout their tissues and especially in the epidermis of the outer side of the leaf and the furrow region of the stem where it was continuous and often, as a double layer suggestive of a barrier function. We have previously shown, both in vivo (in horsetail and thale cress) and in vitro (using an undersaturated solution of Si(OH)), that callose is a "catalyst" of plant silica deposition. Here we support this finding by comparing the deposition of silica to that of callose and by showing that they are co-localized. We propose the existence of a synergistic mechanical protection by callose and silica against pathogens in horsetail, whereby the induction of callose synthesis and deposition is the first, biochemical line of defence and callose-induced precipitation of silica is the second, adventitious mechanical barrier.

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Section: Si-deficient Horsetail Succumbed To Biotic Stressors After 1supporting

confidence: 93%

Rough and tough. How does silicic acid protect horsetail from fungal infection?

Guerriero

Law

Stokes

et al. 2018

Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology

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“…There are structures which appear more heavily silicified than others and their propensities for silicification are probably determined by the respective densities of the molecular structures acting as templates of the precipitation process. We have identified the hemicellulose callose as one such molecular template for biological silicification ( Law and Exley, 2011 ) and others will probably include precursors to and components of plant cell walls ( Fleck et al, 2011 ; Fernández Honaine and Osterrieth, 2012 ; Yamanaka et al, 2012 ; Fernández Honaine et al, 2013 ; Leroux et al, 2013 ; Zhang et al, 2013 ).…”

Section: Templating Silicificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A possible mechanism of biological silicification in plants

2015

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Plants are significant exponents of biological silicification. While not all plants are generally considered as biosilicifiers the extent to which all plants deposit biogenic silica is largely unknown. There are plants which are known as silica accumulators though even in these plants the extent and degree to which their tissues are silicified is neither appreciated nor understood. An elucidation of the mechanism of silicification in biota is complicated by a lack of known bio-organic chemistry of silicic acid, the starting point in this process. Herein I argue the case that biological silicification is an entirely passive process. It is passive from the point of view that its underlying mechanisms and processes do not require us to invoke any as yet undiscovered silicon biochemistry. It is also passive in that although silicification confers clear biological/ecological advantages under certain conditions, it is actually non-essential in all plants and potentially, at least, toxic in some.

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“…1,2 Popularly, the stems of the plant are used for the production of an infusion that acts as a diuretic, digestive, anti-anemic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial, and is also employed to treat gonorrhea, diarrhea, kidney infections, and bladder and eye diseases. 3,4 Although there are few reports of the antimicrobial activity of E. hyemale in the literature, a study carried out by our research group demonstrated the antimicrobial activity of crude extract and fractions, as well as the ability of these extracts to inhibit the formation of biofilm formed by P. aeruginosa (01). These results were justified by the presence of high levels of phenyl compounds in the plant structure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial, Cyto and Genotoxic Activities of Equisetum hyemale

Alves¹,

Bonez²,

Ebling³

et al. 2019

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The popular use of natural products has great benefits for the health of the human population. In this study we highlight Equisetum hyemale, belonging to the phylum Sphenophyta and the family Equisetaceae. Popularly, the stems of this plant are used for their diuretic, digestive, anti-anemic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Given this context, and the fact that the growth of antimicrobial resistance is a serious problem for global public health, this plant could be used as an alternative, to increase our therapeutic arsenal. Therefore, it is important to more clearly elucidate the complex structures present in plants, because these substances are mainly responsible for their beneficial and/or toxic effects. Thus, the objective of this study was evaluate the antimicrobial activity, cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of the phenolic compounds separately. The substances luteolin, ferulic acid and coumarin were identified at high concentrations by ultra-high performance chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS). Antimicrobial activity was elucidated through microdilution in broth; the phenolic compounds were able to inhibit the visible growth of the standard bacterial strains at low concentrations. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT and genotoxicity was analysed through cellular damage using a Comet assay; the results showed that it did not present cytoxicity or genotoxicity at the corresponding concentrations. With this, we suggest that E. hyemale may be an alternative for the treatment of infections by microorganisms that are resistant to synthetic drugs. . Advisor (Master and Doctorate) in the Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences of UFSM and PPG-Nanosciences of UNIFRA.

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Roles of silica and lignin in horsetail (Equisetum hyemale), with special reference to mechanical properties

Cited by 13 publications

References 28 publications

Rough and tough. How does silicic acid protect horsetail from fungal infection?

Rough and tough. How does silicic acid protect horsetail from fungal infection?

A possible mechanism of biological silicification in plants

Antimicrobial, Cyto and Genotoxic Activities of Equisetum hyemale

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