Roles of prestrain and hysteresis on piezoresistance in conductive elastomers for strain sensor applications

Focatiis, Davide S.A. De; Hull, D. E.; Sánchez-Valencia, Andrea

doi:10.1179/1743289812y.0000000022

Cited by 30 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Elastomers filled with carbon nanomaterials (carbon nanotubes, graphite nanoplatelets or graphene oxide) have been shown to exhibit the Mullins stress-softening effect [10,35,53,[80][81][82][83][84]. As mentioned in almost all studies, the important feature displayed by composites filled with carbon nanomaterials is the high degree of permanent deformation with regard to carbon black or silica-filled elastomers ( Figure 9).…”

Section: Tensile Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…De Focatiis et al [81] have compared the resistivity-strain response of elastomers filled with CB to materials filled with MWCNTs. In the CB-filled elastomers, the piezoresistive loading path was relatively independent of prestrain, whereas the unloading path depended strongly on prestrain.…”

Section: Electrical Properties Under Strainmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As mentioned in almost all studies, the important feature displayed by composites filled with carbon nanomaterials is the high degree of permanent deformation with regard to carbon black or silica-filled elastomers ( Figure 9). Reprinted from reference [81].…”

Section: Tensile Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Elastomer Nanocomposites Based on Different Carbon Nanomaterials

Bokobza¹

2017

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Carbon nanostructures including carbon black, carbon nanotubes, graphite or graphene have attracted a tremendous interest as fillers for elastomeric compounds. The preparation methods of nanocomposites that have a strong impact on the state of filler dispersion and thus on the properties of the resulting composites, are briefly described. At a same filler loading, considerable improvement in stiffness is imparted to the host polymeric matrix by the carbon nanomaterials with regard to that provided by the conventional carbon black particles. It is mainly attributed to the high aspect ratio of the nanostructures rather than to strong polymer-filler interactions. The orienting capability of the anisotropic fillers under strain as well the formation of a filler network, have to be taken into account to explain the high level of reinforcements. A comparison of the efficiency of the different carbon nanostructures is carried out through their mechanical and electrical properties but no clear picture can be obtained since the composite properties are strongly affected by the state of filler dispersion.

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Section: Tensile Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Electrical Properties Under Strainmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Elastomer Nanocomposites Based on Different Carbon Nanomaterials

Bokobza¹

2017

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“…The paper by De Focatis et al 3 examines the hysteresis in the electrical resistance that is observed in an elastomer system filled with a conducting filler around the region of the network percolation threshold. This paper is a very useful extension of work that PRC:ME has published previously 4 on the topic.…”

Section: Editorialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Editorial

2012

Plastics, Rubber and Composites

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The development of the statistical theory of rubber elasticity in the 1940s followed by finite strain elasticity theory in the 1950s and of convenient forms for the strain energy function in the 1970s focused rubber research on modelling the elastic characteristics of rubber. Extensive literature has appeared since then which seeks to expand this area. Even so, the Physics of Rubber Elasticity by L.R.G. Treloar 1 first published as an updated 3rd edition in 1975 still remains the most valuable review of the fundamental principles. The treatment of rubber as a 'hyperelastic' material, whose behaviour is modelled by a strain-energy function for finite strains, was implemented into finite strain element analysis packages in the 1980s and is now widely available in several commercial software packages. Experienced engineers working in the rubber design or research arena soon realised that only a few engineering elastomers, such as unfilled natural rubber, can be modelled reliably using this type of ideal 'hyperelastic' behaviour. Most other engineering elastomers incorporate 'reinforcing' fillers, in order to improve strength properties, to improve processing characteristics or to change the modulus of the material. The stress-strain characteristics of such filled elastomers depart significantly from the simplest elastic models. With dramatic increases available in complexity now possible due to the advancement in computer systems there has been an opportunity for more than the last decade to develop and apply much more sophisticated models to tackle other aspects of inelastic behaviour that are of practical interest to engineers. This has two possible benefits; firstly to allow models to be developed that are implementable in finite element analysis to predict the behaviour and secondly to develop a better understanding of the physical phenomenon at a molecular level in elastomer materials that give rise to these effects.

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“…In the transition regions the unrelaxed fraction moves from this constant value towards the value measured after a single loading ramp with increasing εend. Fig.s 8 and 9 may be thought of as maps of the time-dependent equivalent of the pseudo-cyclic loadunload-reload curves frequently used to illustrate the Mullins effect [20].…”

Section: Stress Relaxationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of deformation history on stress relaxation and stress memory of filled rubber

Fernandes

Focatiis

2014

Polymer Testing

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Although the magnitudes of inelastic and viscoelastic effects in filled rubbers are small relative to that of the elastic response, these effects are nevertheless critical in applications such as gaskets, seals and dampers. This study investigates the role of deformation history on relaxation of rubber through time-dependent experiments following a range of deformation histories. Two grades of carbon-black filled EPDM were subjected to uniaxial tensile deformation followed by stress-relaxation or stress memory at fixed deformation. Stress relaxation was found to be highly dependent on strain levels following a single loading. When an additional load-unload cycle was added to the history, the rubbers relaxed an approximately constant fraction of stress after a given time, provided that the strain at stress relaxation was smaller than the historical maximum. This fraction was independent of both the applied strain and of the maximum strain, and suggests that the relaxation process is independent of scragging procedures used to control the modulus. Stress memory observed following load-unload cycles was also approximately independent of strain history.

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Roles of prestrain and hysteresis on piezoresistance in conductive elastomers for strain sensor applications

Cited by 30 publications

References 18 publications

Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Elastomer Nanocomposites Based on Different Carbon Nanomaterials

Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Elastomer Nanocomposites Based on Different Carbon Nanomaterials

Editorial

The role of deformation history on stress relaxation and stress memory of filled rubber

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