Roles of major alloying elements in steels and alloys on corrosion under biomass hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) conversion

Liu, Minkang; Zeng, Yimin; Luo, Jing‐Li

doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2023.111148

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 122 publications

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“…It should be noted that chromium-or nickel-based alloys are generally more expensive than austenitic stainless steels, as indicated in Table 5. However, our recent study [71] showed that high chromium-bearing nickel-based alloys exhibit excellent corrosion performance in simulated HTL conversion environments. Therefore, for longterm safe operation, it is advisable to consider the use of nickel-based or chromium-based alloys as suitable construction materials, despite their higher costs compared to austenitic stainless steels.…”

Section: Corrosion Concern and Candidate Materials Selection For Core...mentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Notably, the significant difference in corrosion rates was likely attributed to the distinct composition of the oxide layer. Previous studies have shown that steels with chromium content less than 22 wt.% generally form oxide layers primarily composed of Fe 3 O 4 and Fe 3-x Cr x O 4 when exposed to high-temperature aqueous solutions [71,82,83]. In contrast, a compact Cr-enriched inner oxide layer is formed on Alloy 33.…”

Section: Characterization Of Formed Oxide Layersmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…These materials demonstrate promising high-temperature mechanical properties and acceptable corrosion resistance in high-temperature environments [68,69]. Additionally, our previous studies in high-temperature supercritical water environments suggest that high chromium-based alloys could also be suitable candidates [70,71]. However, limited research has been conducted on corrosion in biomass thermochemical conversion environments to date.…”

Section: Corrosion Concern and Candidate Materials Selection For Core...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The formed oxide layer and corrosion rates of Alloy 33 were compared to Fe-based steels with chromium contents ranging from 9% to 22% [71]. It was found that Alloy 33 exhibited much better corrosion resistance in both non-catalytic and catalytic HTL environments.…”

Section: Characterization Of Formed Oxide Layersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, the corrosion of Fe-based steels with chromium content < 22 wt.% is likely controlled by the dissolution rates of the formed oxides on the surface. Moreover, when comparing the corrosion rates of Alloy 33 and Alloy 625 [71], it was observed that Alloy 33 exhibited only slightly better corrosion resistance in both noncatalytic and catalytic environments. This suggests that further increasing the chromium content (when the chromium content is already above 22%) would unlikely lead to a significant improvement in corrosion resistance during HTL conversion.…”

Section: Characterization Of Formed Oxide Layersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Key Processing Factors in Hydrothermal Liquefaction and Their Impacts on Corrosion of Reactor Alloys

Liu

Zeng

2023

Sustainability

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Despite intensive efforts to develop hydrothermal liquefaction for the conversion of wet biomass and biowaste feedstocks into valuable bio-oils, severe corrosion of conversion reactor alloys and other core components, induced by the pressurized hot water medium, catalysts, and inorganic and organic corrodants generated during the conversion process, has significantly hindered the industrial deployment of this attractive technology. In this paper, a general review of major operating parameters, including biomass feedstock types, temperature, pressure, and catalysts, was conducted to advance the understanding of their roles in conversion efficiency and the yield and properties of produced oils. Additionally, the corrosion performance of a representative constructional alloy (Alloy 33) was investigated in both non-catalytic and catalytic HTL environments at temperatures of 310 °C and 365 °C, respectively. The alloy experienced general oxidation in the non-catalytic HTL environment but suffered accelerated corrosion (up to 4.2 µm/year) with the addition of 0.5 M K2CO3 catalyst. The corrosion rate of the alloy noticeably increased with temperature and the presence of inorganic corrodants (S2− and Cl−) released from biowastes. SEM/XRD characterization showed that a thin and compact Cr-rich oxide layer grew on the alloy in the non-catalytic HTL environment, while the surface scale became a double-layer structure, composed of outer porous Fe/Cr/Ni oxides and inner Cr-rich oxide, with the introduction of the K2CO3 catalyst. From the corrosion perspective, the alloy is a suitable candidate for construction in the next phase of pilot-scale validation assessment.

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Section: Corrosion Concern and Candidate Materials Selection For Core...mentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Characterization Of Formed Oxide Layersmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Corrosion Concern and Candidate Materials Selection For Core...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Characterization Of Formed Oxide Layersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Characterization Of Formed Oxide Layersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Key Processing Factors in Hydrothermal Liquefaction and Their Impacts on Corrosion of Reactor Alloys

Liu

Zeng

2023

Sustainability

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Hydrothermal liquefaction of microalga with and without seawater: Effects of reaction temperature on yield and hydrocarbon species distribution in biocrude

Eboibi,

Okan

et al. 2024

Env Prog and Sustain Energy

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A halophytic microalga Tetraselmis sp. biomass diluted with deionized water and seawater was converted to biocrude with the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) process in a batch reactor at 310, 330, 350, and 370°C, 15 min with %w/w solids. The biocrude yield, carbon, and energy recovery in biocrude and hydrocarbon species distribution from deionized water base HTL (DW HTL) and seawater base HTL (SW HTL) were evaluated. The results revealed that irrespective of reaction medium, the yield in biocrude increased with an increase in temperature, reaching a maximum of 50–56 wt% at 350°C, characterized by a higher heating value of up to 35.6 MJ/kg. The carbon and energy recovery at 350°C were 85% and 89% respectively, for SW HTL, while the DW HTL stream was 10% and 12% lower. Also, the GC MS analysis of biocrude obtained from both streams contains a complex mixture of compounds such as hydrocarbons, phenolics, and large amounts of nitrogenated and oxygenated compounds. The metallic constituents in biocrudes derived from both steams showed no substantial variations. The study showed a marginal increase in biocrude yield and its HHV with a reduction in oxygen and nitrogen contents from the SW HTL stream, suggesting the potential of seawater as a reaction medium.

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Corrosion performance of different alloys exposed to HTL conditions—A screening study

Blücher,

Lange,

Sandquist

et al. 2024

Materials & Corrosion

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The corrosion and material evaluation study in (a) water‐based simulated black liquor and (b) water‐based simulated black liquor at super‐critical conditions was successful. The conclusion from the testing program was that the most resistant alloy for the defined conditions is the chromium‐rich carbon steel candidate P91 (UNS K91560). This is a type of creep strength‐enhanced ferritic alloy, which is steel designed to retain strength at high temperatures. The P91 abbreviation represents the material's chemical composition, that is, 9 wt% chromium (Cr) and 1 wt% molybdenum (Mo). Further work is required to conclude the corrosion resistance for the P91 quality at supercritical conditions in the welded condition and to better understand caustic corrosion mechanisms.

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Roles of major alloying elements in steels and alloys on corrosion under biomass hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) conversion

Cited by 10 publications

References 122 publications

Key Processing Factors in Hydrothermal Liquefaction and Their Impacts on Corrosion of Reactor Alloys

Key Processing Factors in Hydrothermal Liquefaction and Their Impacts on Corrosion of Reactor Alloys

Hydrothermal liquefaction of microalga with and without seawater: Effects of reaction temperature on yield and hydrocarbon species distribution in biocrude

Corrosion performance of different alloys exposed to HTL conditions—A screening study

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