Roles of long noncoding RNAs and small extracellular vesicle‐long noncoding RNAs in type 2 diabetes

Abstract

The prevalence of a high-energy diet and a sedentary lifestyle has increased the incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D). T2D is a chronic disease characterized by high blood glucose levels and insulin resistance in peripheral tissues. The pathological mechanism of this disease is not fully clear. Accumulated evidence has shown that noncoding RNAs have an essential regulatory role in the progression of diabetes and its complications. The roles of small noncoding RNAs, such as miRNAs, in T2D, have been extensively investigated, while the function of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in T2D has been unstudied. It has been reported that lncRNAs in T2D play roles in the regulation of pancreatic function, peripheral glucose homeostasis and vascular inflammation. In addition, lncRNAs carried by small extracellular vesicles (sEV) were shown to mediate communication between organs and participate in diabetes progression. Some sEV lncRNAs derived from stem cells are being developed as potential therapeutic agents for diabetic complications. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge relating to lncRNA biogenesis, the mechanisms of lncRNA sorting into sEV and the regulatory roles of lncRNAs and sEV lncRNAs in diabetes. Knowledge of lncRNAs and sEV lncRNAs in diabetes will aid in the development of new therapeutic drugs for T2D in the future.

The Mechanism of Pyroptosis and Its Application Prospect in Diabetic Wound Healing

“…Recent studies have identified a variety of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in exosomes. 123 , 124 Li et al have indicated that mesenchymal stem cells-derived lncRNA H19 accelerates wound healing by enhancing PTEN via microRNA-152-3p in DFUs. 125 Yang et al also showed that HF-MSC-Exo markedly suppressed the production of IL-1β and IL-18 and activation of Caspase-1 and decreased the presence of the NLRP3 inflammasome in HaCaT cells.…”

Exosomes in brain diseases: Pathogenesis and therapeutic targets

“… 16 They are involved in the immune response, 15 , 17 , 18 , 19 antigen presentation, cell migration, differentiation and angiogenesis, 20 , 21 inflammatory induction, 22 oxidative stress and apoptosis, 23 atherosclerosis, 24 , 25 tumor initiation, progression, invasion and metastasis, and drug resistance. 26 , 27 Given the ability of exosomes to carry and transfer bioactive substances, 28 the potential of exosomes to reveal the pathogenesis of diseases such as cancer, 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 brain diseases, 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 cardiovascular diseases, 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 and metabolic diseases, 45 , 46 , 47 as well as to diagnose and treat diseases as biomarkers are being studied and explored. 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 …”

“…16 They are involved in the immune response, 15,[17][18][19] antigen presentation, cell migration, differentiation and angiogenesis, 20,21 inflammatory induction, 22 oxidative stress and apoptosis, 23 atherosclerosis, 24,25 tumor initiation, progression, invasion and metastasis, and drug resistance. 26,27 Given the ability of exosomes to carry and transfer bioactive substances, 28 the potential of exosomes to reveal the pathogenesis of diseases such as cancer, [29][30][31][32][33] brain diseases, [34][35][36][37] cardiovascular diseases, [38][39][40][41][42][43][44] and metabolic diseases, [45][46][47] as well as to diagnose and treat diseases as biomarkers are being studied and explored. [48][49][50][51][52] The prevalence of neuropsychiatric disorders, the leading cause of disability in humans, has increased in the last few decades 53 and continues to grow due to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak in 2019.…”