Roles of flower scent in bee?flower mediations: a review

Abstract

Background: Bees and flowering plants associations were initially began during the early Cretaceous, 120 million years ago. This coexistence has led to a mutual relationship where the plant serves as food and in return, the bee help them their reproduction. Animals pol linate about 75% of food crops worldwide, with bees as the world's primary pollinator. In general, bees rely on flower scents to locate blooming flowers as visual clue is limited and also their host plants from a distance. In this review, an attempt is made to collect some relevant 107 published papers from three scientific databases, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science database, covering the period from 1959 to 2021. Results: Flowering plants are well documented to actively emit volatile organic com pounds (VOCs). However, only a few of them are important for eliciting behavioral re sponses in bees. In this review, fiftythree volatile organic compounds belonging to differ ent class of compounds, mainly terpenoids, benzenoids, and volatile fatty acid derivatives, is compiled here from floral scents that are responsible for eliciting behavioral responses in bees. Bees generally use honest floral signals to locate their host plants with nectar and pollenrich flowers. Thus, honest signaling mechanism plays a key role in maintaining mu tualistic plant-pollinator associations. Conclusions: Considering the fact that floral scents are the primary attractants, under standing and identification of VOCs from floral scent in plantpollinator networks are cru cial to improve crop pollination. Interestingly, current advances in both VOCs scent gene identification and their biosynthetic pathways make it possible to manipulate particular VOCs in plant, and this eventually may lead to increase in crop productivity.

Phytochemical profiling of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) honey and investigation of compounds related to its pollen occurrence

“…The mutualistic relationship where plants serve as food and in return the insects help with their reproduction begins in the early Cretaceous, 120 million years ago. 74,75 This link could be much tighter and more related to phytochemical aspects rather than just rewarding due to the quantity and concentration of nectar sugars, as suggested in other works. 76,77 The role of secondary metabolites in deterring herbivores and pathogens from vegetative parts of plants is well known, but their role in floral nectar is still open to discussion.…”

“…These compounds, other than important in the characterization of honey, could be important in defining the relationship between plant and pollinators. The mutualistic relationship where plants serve as food and in return the insects help with their reproduction begins in the early Cretaceous, 120 million years ago 74,75 . This link could be much tighter and more related to phytochemical aspects rather than just rewarding due to the quantity and concentration of nectar sugars, as suggested in other works 76,77 .…”

Physiological and Biochemical Analysis Revealing the Key Factors Influencing 2-Phenylethanol and Benzyl Alcohol Production in Crabapple Flowers

“…It was observed in Lonicera japonica ( Caprifoliaceae ) that more odor is emitted at night than during the day to attract nocturnal moths [ 50 ]. This temporal variation in volatile release suggests a potential correlation with pollination and ecological functioning [ 51 ].…”

Restricción y facilitación de transferencia de análogos de polen intra e interespecífica

“…Esta transferencia habitualmente depende de las abejas y otros animales como aves, murciélagos, escarabajos y polillas (Khalifa et al, 2021). Las plantas utilizan rasgos florales como tamaño floral (Lozada-Gobilard et al, 2023), color (van der Kooi et al, 2019, aroma (Bisrat & Jung, 2022), etc., como señales para atraer a los polinizadores y a cambio los polinizadores reciben una recompensa, normalmente alimento (néctar o polen) (van der Kooi et al, 2023;Minnaar et al, 2019;Zariman et al, 2022).…”