Roles of Fatty Acids in Microglial Polarization: Evidence from In Vitro and In Vivo Studies on Neurodegenerative Diseases

Sanjay,; Park, Miey; Lee, Hae‐Jeung

doi:10.3390/ijms23137300

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 185 publications

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“…In addition, the tryptophan–kynurenine metabolic pathway is involved in the process of chronic neuroinflammation, which is associated with major depression, in the context of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the immune response [ 179 , 180 ]. Moreover, PUFAs have the same neuroprotective effects as non-pharmacological treatments for depression, based on their effects on microglial polarization [ 181 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship between Stress, Inflammation, and Depression

2022

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A narrative review about the relationship between stress, inflammation, and depression is made as follows: Chronic stress leads to various stress-related diseases such as depression. Although most human diseases are related to stress exposure, the common pathways between stress and pathophysiological processes of different disorders are still debatable. Chronic inflammation is a crucial component of chronic diseases, including depression. Both experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated that an increase in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and stress hormones, such as glucocorticoids, substantially contributes to the behavioral alterations associated with depression. Evidence suggests that inflammation plays a key role in the pathology of stress-related diseases; however, this link has not yet been completely explored. In this study, we aimed to determine the role of inflammation in stress-induced diseases and whether a common pathway for depression exists. Recent studies support pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment approaches significantly associated with ameliorating depression-related inflammation. In addition, major depression can be associated with an activated immune system, whereas antidepressants can exert immunomodulatory effects. Moreover, non-pharmacological treatments for major depression (i.e., exercise) may be mediated by anti-inflammatory actions. This narrative review highlights the mechanisms underlying inflammation and provides new insights into the prevention and treatment of stress-related diseases, particularly depression.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship between Stress, Inflammation, and Depression

2022

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“…Microglia adopt two different activation phenotypes, namely, M1 (classical activation) and M2 (selective activation). These two types of microglia are subgroups with different functions, but their dynamic changes are related to neuroimmune diseases [24][25][26]. M1 microglia produce proinflammatory and neurotoxic effects, while M2 microglia exert anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects [27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

TSAb Modulates Microglia M1 Polarization via Activation of the TSHR-Mediated NF-κB Signaling Pathway

Liu¹,

Yang²,

Wu³

et al. 2022

Neuroendocrinology

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Introduction: TSAb is a pathogenic antibody in the serum of patients with Graves' disease. The binding of TSAb to TSHR in non-thyroid tissue may be associated with the occurrence and development of Graves' disease-related complications. However, only few studies have been conducted on the effects of TSAb on the brain, and the pathogenesis of Acute hyperthyroidism myopathy (ATM) is unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the effect of TSAb on the polarization of BV-2 cells in the brain and its possible mechanism and provide a basic experimental basis for ATM. Methods: BV-2 cells were treated with different concentrations of TSAb. The relative survival rate of BV-2 cells was determined using the CCK-8 assay, the migration ability of BV-2 cells was detected using the Transwell migration assay, and the expression levels of M1/M2 polarization markers (CD86, iNOS, CD206, and Arg-1), TSHR, TNF-α, and NF-κB protein in BV-2 cells were measured using WB. Results: Compared with the negative control group, the proliferative activity of BV-2 cells was significantly increased in the 20, 50, and 100 ng/ml TSAb groups, and the migration ability of BV-2 cells was significantly enhanced in the 50 and 100 ng/ml TSAb groups. The expression levels of M1 polarization markers (CD86 and iNOS), TSHR, TNF-α, and NF-κB protein in BV-2 cells treated with 50 and 100 ng/ml TSAb for 24 h were significantly upregulated, whereas those of M2 polarization markers (CD206 and Arg-1) were significantly decreased. Conclusions: TSAb can induce abnormal activation of microglia, polarize to the M1 phenotype, and promote the inflammatory cascade reaction, in which TSHR plays a key role in NF-κB activation and proinflammatory cytokine release.

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“…Additionally, fatty acid metabolites (e.g., endocannabinoids, endovanilloids, prostaglandins, and bile acids) shape both neuronal and glial responsiveness to peripheral hormones and peptides, as well as synapse formation, structural plasticity, and synaptic neurotransmission in the brain. [14][15][16] Fatty acids are composed of a hydrocarbon chain with a methyl group and a terminal carboxyl group. A fatty acid is considered saturated if each carbon is joined to its neighbor by a single bond.…”

Section: Pufas: Biochemistry In a Nutshellmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the cellular level, fatty acids do not only serve as energy sources but also as integral constituents of the cell membranes, thus affecting cell shape, size, protein localization, signal transduction, and survival. Additionally, fatty acid metabolites (e.g., endocannabinoids, endovanilloids, prostaglandins, and bile acids) shape both neuronal and glial responsiveness to peripheral hormones and peptides, as well as synapse formation, structural plasticity, and synaptic neurotransmission in the brain 14–16 …”

Section: Pufas: Biochemistry In a Nutshellmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adverse effects of gestational ω‐3 and ω‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acid imbalance on the programming of fetal brain development

Cinquina

Keimpema

Pollak

et al. 2023

J Neuroendocrinology

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Obesity is a key medical challenge of our time. The increasing number of children born to overweight or obese women is alarming. During pregnancy, the circulation of the mother and her fetus interact to maintain the uninterrupted availability of essential nutrients for fetal organ development. In doing so, the mother's dietary preference determines the amount and composition of nutrients reaching the fetus. In particular, the availability of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), chiefly their ω‐3 and ω‐6 subclasses, can change when pregnant women choose a specific diet. Here, we provide a succinct overview of PUFA biochemistry, including exchange routes between ω‐3 and ω‐6 PUFAs, the phenotypes, and probable neurodevelopmental disease associations of offspring born to mothers consuming specific PUFAs, and their mechanistic study in experimental models to typify signaling pathways, transcriptional, and epigenetic mechanisms by which PUFAs can imprint long‐lasting modifications to brain structure and function. We emphasize that the ratio, rather than the amount of individual ω‐3 or ω‐6 PUFAs, might underpin physiologically correct cellular differentiation programs, be these for neurons or glia, during pregnancy. Thereupon, the PUFA‐driven programming of the brain is contextualized for childhood obesity, metabolic, and endocrine illnesses.

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Roles of Fatty Acids in Microglial Polarization: Evidence from In Vitro and In Vivo Studies on Neurodegenerative Diseases

Cited by 11 publications

References 185 publications

The Relationship between Stress, Inflammation, and Depression

The Relationship between Stress, Inflammation, and Depression

TSAb Modulates Microglia M1 Polarization via Activation of the TSHR-Mediated NF-κB Signaling Pathway

Adverse effects of gestational ω‐3 and ω‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acid imbalance on the programming of fetal brain development

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