Roles of Exosomes in Chronic Rhinosinusitis: A Systematic Review

Abstract

The pathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is multifactorial and not entirely clear. The objective of the review was to examine the current state of knowledge concerning the role of exosomes in CRS. For this systematic review, we searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, CENTRAL, and Web of Science databases for studies published until 7 August 2022. Only original research articles describing studies published in English were included. Reviews, book chapters, case studies, conference papers, and opinions were excluded. The quality of the evidence was assessed with the modified Office and Health Assessment and Translation (OHAT) Risk of Bias Rating Tool for Human and Animal Studies. Of 250 records identified, 17 were eligible, all of which had a low to moderate risk of overall bias. Presented findings indicate that exosomal biomarkers, including proteins and microRNA, act as promising biomarkers in the diagnostics and prognosis of CRS patients and, in addition, may contribute to finding novel therapeutic targets. Exosomes reflecting tissue proteomes are excellent, highly available material for studying proteomic alterations noninvasively. The first steps have already been taken, but more advanced research on nasal exosomes is needed, which might open a wider door for individualized medicine in CRS.

Extracellular Vesicle-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review

“…In recent years, knowledge of the role of EVs in many inflammatory diseases and cancers has grown rapidly [ 117 , 118 ]. EVs isolated from the plasma of HNSCC patients provide information on tumour status, genetic complexity and immune dysfunction [ 119 ], but also on the molecular mechanisms involved in cancer metastasis and resistance to therapy [ 120 , 121 , 122 ].…”

Epigenetic modifications in chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyps

“…As epigenetic changes are tissue- or cell-specific, NP tissue, HNEpC of the inferior turbinate or unciform process mucosa, and extracellular vesicles from nasal lavage fluid have been adopted in recent studies ( Steelant et al, 2019 ; Shin et al, 2020 ; Cha et al, 2021 ; Park et al, 2022 ). Systematic review has also shown growing evidence of the role of exosome miRNAs in the development of CRS ( Dzaman and Czerwaty, 2022 ). Epigenetic modifications happen in a wide spectrum of organs and diseases, so the sensitivity and specificity of epigenetic biomarkers obtained by traditional high-throughput techniques are low.…”

Removing the stumbling block of exosome applications in clinical and translational medicine: expand production and improve accuracy

“…The traditional extraction methods for exosomes are mainly as follows: ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration centrifugation, chromatography, precipitation, immunoaffinity chromatography, and immunomagnetic beads. The advantages of ultracentrifugation are low cost-effectiveness, no risk of contamination, and the ability to extract larger amounts of exosomes [ 46 ]. But this method consumes time due to continuous centrifugation [ 47 ].…”