Roles of dynamic and thermodynamic effects in seasonal mean surface air temperature trends over Central Asia during 1979–2018

The Decreased Cloud Cover Dominated the Rapid Spring Temperature Rise in Arid Central Asia Over the Period 1980–2014

“…This rapid warming trend will continue till the end of this century, which is confirmed by the CMIP model simulations. This result is supported by previous studies, which are based on other data sets, such as the Japanese 55-year reanalysis (JRA55), and the database of the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) (F. Chen et al, 2009;Z. Chen et al, 2023).…”

“…Central Asia (CA) is one of the driest regions in the world, characterized by its distance from the ocean, and consequently, scarce precipitation and sparse vegetation, whose ecosystems are particularly sensitive and vulnerable to climate warming (T. Chen et al., 2019). The CA has undergone rapid warming (F. Chen et al., 2009; Z. Hu et al., 2014) over the past century, faster than the global land average (Z. Chen et al., 2023; Fan et al., 2020) and other regions, such as South America, Australia and China (Fan et al., 2020; Q. Li et al., 2011). Furthermore, the temperature increase exhibits seasonal patterns, with certain studies suggesting a more rapid rate of warming in spring (Z. Hu et al., 2014; Xu et al., 2015), while in other studies, winter was found to have the biggest contributions to the annual warming (Huang et al., 2005; Peng et al., 2019; Trenberth & Josey, 2007).…”

“…Hu et al, 2014) over the past century, faster than the global land average (Z. Chen et al, 2023;Fan et al, 2020) and other regions, such as South America, Australia and China (Fan et al, 2020;Q. Li et al, 2011).…”

On the coupled interdecadal variations of the extra‐tropical surface air temperature and the isentropic meridional airmass transport in Northern winter

“…As for the influencing factors for the interdecadal changes of the SAT over the NH, some studies emphasized on their associations with the atmospheric internal variabilities including changes of the Siberian high (Gong et al, 2001; Sung et al, 2018), the Aleutian Low (Overland et al, 1999), the Ural blocking (Cohen et al, 2014; Luo et al, 2016; Yao et al, 2017), the AO (Gong et al, 2019; He et al, 2017; Li et al, 2022; Woo et al, 2012) and the stratospheric polar vortex (Garfinkel et al, 2017; Kim et al, 2014; Zhang et al, 2018). Other studies link the SAT changes to oceanic variabilities including sea surface temperature (Chen et al, 2022; Cohen et al, 2020; Dai et al, 2015; Dong & Dai, 2015; Luo et al, 2019; Parker et al, 2007; Steinman et al, 2015; Tollefson, 2014; Xie et al, 2019) and sea ice (Kim & Son, 2016; Kug et al, 2015; Mori et al, 2019; Overland et al, 2015; Petoukhov & Semenov, 2010; Screen et al, 2018; Zhang et al, 2018), and to other external processes such as volcanic eruption (Santer et al, 2014) and solar radiation (Wang & Dickinson, 2013). While some studies attributed the recent ‘cold Eurasia’ to the sea ice loss or the reduced snow cover due to the Arctic warming amplification (Cohen et al, 2014, 2020; Kim et al, 2014; Kim & Son, 2016; Kug et al, 2015; Mori et al, 2014, 2019; Zhang et al, 2018), some other studies showed the influence from the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) and the Atlantic multi‐decadal oscillation (AMO) on the ‘warm Arctic‐cold Eurasia’ (Luo et al, 2022; Sung et al, 2018; Yu et al, 2020).…”