Roles of Chloroplast RNA Polymerase Sigma Factors in Chloroplast Development and Stress Response in Higher Plants

Kanamaru, Kengo; Tanaka, Kan

doi:10.1271/bbb.68.2215

Cited by 72 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 67 publications

(97 reference statements)

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“…Two types of RNA polymerase are known to promote transcription in chloroplasts (Kanamaru and Tanaka, 2004;Shiina et al, 2005;Cahoon et al, 2006) (Figure 3). One is a bacterial type polymerase, as might be expected considering the cyanobacterial origin of chloroplasts, and is indeed encoded by the plastid genome; this polymerase is termed PEP (plastid-encoded polymerase).…”

Section: Transcriptional Regulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chloroplast Biogenesis: Control of Plastid Development, Protein Import, Division and Inheritance

Sakamoto

Miyagishima

Jarvis

2008

The Arabidopsis Book

142

129

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The chloroplast is a multi-copy cellular organelle that not only performs photosynthesis but also synthesizes amino acids, lipids and phytohormones. The plastid also responds to environmental stimuli such as gravitropism. Biogenesis of chloroplasts is initiated from proplastids in shoot meristems, and involves a series of important events. In the last decade, considerable progress has been made towards understanding various aspects of chloroplast biogenesis at the molecular level, via studies in model systems such as Arabidopsis. This review focuses on two important aspects of chloroplast biogenesis, synthesis/assembly and division/transmission. Chloroplasts originated through endosymbiosis from an ancestor of extant cyanobacteria, and thus contain their own genomes. DNA in chloroplasts is organized into complexes with proteins, and these are called nucleoids. The synthesis of chloroplast proteins is regulated at various steps. However, a majority of proteins are synthesized in the cytosol, and their proper import into chloroplast compartments is a prerequisite for chloroplast development. Fundamental aspects of plastid gene expression/regulation and chloroplast protein transport are described, together with recent proteome analyses of the organelle. Chloroplasts are not de novo synthesized, but instead are propagated from pre-existing plastids. In addition, plastids are transmitted from generation to generation with a unique mode of inheritance. Our current knowledge on the division machinery and the inheritance of plastids is described.

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Section: Transcriptional Regulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chloroplast Biogenesis: Control of Plastid Development, Protein Import, Division and Inheritance

Sakamoto

Miyagishima

Jarvis

2008

The Arabidopsis Book

142

129

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“…The nuclear transcripts we tested encoded RBC-S and LHCP, and the chloroplast transcripts tested encoded the RBC-L, the A1 protein of PSI (PSA-A), the D1 protein of PSII (PSB-A), the CP47 protein of PSII (PSB-B), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCD), and the b-subunit of plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (RPO-B). RBC-L, PSA-A, PSB-A, and PSB-B are transcribed by plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP), whereas ACCD and RPO-B are transcribed by nucleus-encoded RNA polymerase (NEP) (Hess and Borner, 1999;Kanamaru and Tanaka, 2004). Transcript levels of all genes tested were comparable in wild-types and cyo1 plants, with the exception of (A) Purified D 30 CYO1 catalyzes the reduction of insulin.…”

Section: Expression Of Photosynthetic Genes and Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arabidopsis Cotyledon-Specific Chloroplast Biogenesis Factor CYO1 Is a Protein Disulfide Isomerase

et al. 2007

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Chloroplast development in cotyledons differs in a number of ways from that in true leaves, but the cotyledon-specific program of chloroplast biogenesis has not been clarified. The cyo1 mutant in Arabidopsis thaliana has albino cotyledons but normal green true leaves. Chloroplasts develop abnormally in cyo1 mutant plants grown in the light, but etioplasts are normal in mutants grown in the dark. We isolated CYO1 by T-DNA tagging and verified that the mutant allele was responsible for the albino cotyledon phenotype by complementation. CYO1 has a C 4 -type zinc finger domain similar to that of Escherichia coli DnaJ. CYO1 is expressed mainly in young plants under light conditions, and the CYO1 protein localizes to the thylakoid membrane in chloroplasts. Transcription of nuclear photosynthetic genes is generally unaffected by the cyo1 mutation, but the level of photosynthetic proteins is decreased in cyo1 mutants. Recombinant CYO1 accelerates disulfide bond reduction in the model substrate insulin and renatures RNase A, indicating that CYO1 has protein disulfide isomerase activity. These results suggest that CYO1 has a chaperone-like activity required for thylakoid biogenesis in cotyledons.

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“…The nucleus controls the spatial-temporal specificity of plastid transcription by regulating nuclear encoded sigma factors that, in turn, regulate the specificity of PEP activity (Kanamaru and Tanaka, 2004;Woodson and Chory, 2008). Additionally, the chloroplast is constantly sending signals to the nucleus to inform it about the state of the chloroplast, such that postdevelopmental processes may be regulated (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence reveals stage specific patterns of chloroplast-containing cells during Arabidopsis embryogenesis

2010

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The basic body plan of a plant is established early in embryogenesis when cells differentiate, giving rise to the apical and basal regions of the embryo. Using chlorophyll fluorescence as a marker for chloroplasts, we have detected specific patterns of chloroplast-containing cells at specific stages of embryogenesis. Nonrandomly distributed chloroplast-containing cells are seen as early as the globular stage of embryogenesis in Arabidopsis. In the heart stage of embryogenesis, chloroplast containing cells are detected in epidermal cells as well as a central region of the heart stage embryo, forming a triangular septum of chloroplast-containing cells that divides the embryo into three equal sectors. Torpedo stage embryos have chloroplast-containing epidermal cells and a central band of chloroplast-containing cells in the cortex layer, just below the shoot apical meristem. In the walking-stick stage of embryogenesis, chloroplasts are present in the epidermal, cortex and endodermal cells. The chloroplasts appear reduced or absent from the provascular and columella cells of walking-stick stage embryos. These results suggest that there is a tight regulation of plastid differentiation during embryogenesis that generates specific patterns of chloroplast-containing cells in specific cell layers at specific stages of embryogenesis.

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Roles of Chloroplast RNA Polymerase Sigma Factors in Chloroplast Development and Stress Response in Higher Plants

Cited by 72 publications

References 67 publications

Chloroplast Biogenesis: Control of Plastid Development, Protein Import, Division and Inheritance

Chloroplast Biogenesis: Control of Plastid Development, Protein Import, Division and Inheritance

Arabidopsis Cotyledon-Specific Chloroplast Biogenesis Factor CYO1 Is a Protein Disulfide Isomerase

Analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence reveals stage specific patterns of chloroplast-containing cells during Arabidopsis embryogenesis

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