Roles of Alkali Metals tert‐Butoxide as Catalysts and Activators in Organic Transformations

Abstract

The alkali metal tert‐butoxides have found wide application as catalysts and activators for the conversion of numerous organic molecules. These formidable additives in catalytic amounts are extensively employed in the transition metal‐free approaches to serve for the single‐electron transfer processes towards the formation of C−C and C‐heteroatom bond formation. This review elucidates their multifaceted roles encompassing a series of novel synthetic methodologies, in‐depth analyses of their reactivity patterns, and catalytic efficiencies across a myriad of reactions. The involvement of alkali metal tert‐butoxides either directly or in combination with other metals as catalysts are discussed along with the detailed mechanistic pathways in various reactions. Overall, this article summarises approximately all reactions those have been influenced by the catalytic amounts of tert‐butoxides and reported in the last decades.

A Metal‐Free KOtBu‐Mediated Protocol towards the Synthesis of Quinolines, Indenoquinolines and Acridines

“…After possessing this much information, we depicted a feasible reaction mechanism in accordance with the experimental and literature evidence (Scheme 8). [23b–g] According to the proposed mechanism, the THF‐solvated potassium ion forms a THF‐K + complex A with 2‐aminobenzaldehyde ( 1 a ). The intermediate A further undergoes condensation with ketone 2 a to form potassium chelated imine intermediate B .…”

ortho-Halobenzyl Halides as Precursors for the Synthesis of Five- to Nine-Membered Ring Structures Employing Transition Metals as Catalysts

“…Owing to the significance of six-membered ring structures, numerous attempts have been made in recent decades towards their synthesis, and various strategies have been employed for the effective manufacture of these compounds. 42` b c d e In this section, synthetic strategies for the generation of six-membered-ring-containing molecules starting from 2-halobenzyl halides under the influence of transition metals as catalysts are discussed. Chromenes are important six-membered heterocycles that exhibit remarkable biological activities.…”

Iodine and DMSO as Surrogate of Hazardous Metal and Non‐Metal Reagents in Organic Synthesis

“…As a result, various initiatives have been implemented worldwide to enforce towards more environmentally friendly practices [1] . Organic synthesis has been served as a foundation for several fields, including industries, pharmaceuticals, and material sciences, and has a long history of using metal catalysts, ligands, oxidants, and bases [2] . But the waste materials produced by these processes have now become officially a tidy argument globally [3] .…”