Role of xanthine oxidase in small bowel mucosal dysfunction after surgical stress

Anup, R.; Susama, P.; Balasubramanian, K.A.

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2168.2000.01469.x

Cited by 39 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Thomas et al [20] showed that both glutamine and glutamic acid protected the intestine as well as the lung from oxidative damage during surgical manipulation of the small intestine, while glycine or alanine did not offer such protection. Earlier studies have shown activation of the superoxide-generating enzyme XO in the intestine during surgical manipulation [21]. Surgical manipulation not only intensifies oxidative stress by generating reactive oxygen species but also weakens the biological defenses against attack by these reactive oxygen species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glutamine Decreases the Duration of Postoperative Ileus After Abdominal Surgery: An Experimental Study of Conscious Dogs

et al. 2008

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Postoperative ileus (POI) is a transient bowel dysmotility that occurs following many types of operations and is one of the most common complications of gastrointestinal surgery. We hypothesized that enteral supplementation of glutamine after abdominal surgery would restore fuel to the small intestine, suppress oxidative stress, and lead to improvement in POI. Twelve dogs underwent distal gastrectomy and were each randomly assigned to one of two groups based on postoperative treatment: the water injection (control) group and the glutamine injection group. Water (40 ml) or L(+)-glutamine (1 g/40 ml water) was injected into the residual stomach through the gastric tube every 12 h after surgery for 7 days. Changes in the plasma and intestinal intracellular concentration of glutamine and in gastrointestinal motility were measured. The plasma and intracellular glutamine levels decreased after the operation in both groups, although the decreased intracellular glutamine levels were not significantly different than preoperative levels. The glutamine group showed a significantly smaller decrease of the plasma glutamine level compared with the control group (P < 0.05). All the dogs showed gastrointestinal dysmotility after the operation. The mean length of time between the operation and the appearance of interdigestive migrating contractions in the glutamine group was significantly shorter than in the control group (22.4 +/- 3.1 h versus 37.8 +/- 4.0 h, respectively; P < 0.05). In conclusion, glutamine could act as a motility-recovery agent after abdominal surgery and thereby decrease the duration of POI.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glutamine Decreases the Duration of Postoperative Ileus After Abdominal Surgery: An Experimental Study of Conscious Dogs

et al. 2008

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“…Earlier studies from our laboratory have shown that oxidative stress in the intestinal mucosa after surgical manipulation results in altered glycosylation of the mucosal membranes and bacterial adherence. 11 Oxidative stress has also been demonstrated in the intestinal mucosa after carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 )-induced liver cirrhosis, 12 where the activity of xanthine oxidase, an important source of free radicals in the small intestine, 13 was also elevated. These data led to the hypothesis that oxidative stress in the intestine during liver cirrhosis, produced by activation of xanthine oxidase, might alter glycosylation patterns on the intestinal mucosa and influence bacterial binding.…”

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confidence: 99%

Intestinal mucosal alterations in rats with carbon tetrachloride-induced cirrhosis: Changes in glycosylation and luminal bacteria

et al. 2006

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Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is a major cause of mortality after liver cirrhosis. Altered permeability of the mucosa and deficiencies in host immune defenses through bacterial translocation from the intestine due to intestinal bacterial overgrowth have been implicated in the development of this complication. Molecular mechanisms underlying the process are not well known. In order to understand mechanisms involved in translocation of bacteria, this study explored the role of oxidative stress in mediating changes in intestinal mucosal glycosylation and luminal bacterial content during cirrhosis. CCl 4 -induced cirrhosis in rats led to prolonged oxidative stress in the intestine, accompanied by increased sugar content of both intestinal brush border and surfactant layers. This was accompanied by changes in bacterial flora in the gut, which showed increased hydrophobicity and adherence to the mucosa. Inhibition of xanthine oxidase using sodium tungstate or antioxidant supplementation using vitamin E reversed the oxidative stress, changes in brush border membrane sugar content, and bacterial adherence. In conclusion, oxidative stress in the intestine during cirrhosis alters mucosal glycosylation, accompanied by an increased hydrophobicity of luminal bacteria, enabling increased bacterial adherence onto epithelial cells. This might facilitate translocation across the mucosa, resulting in complications such as spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. (HEPATOLOGY 2006;43:837-846.)

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“…Anup et al (15) , using a rat model, showed that laparotomy with mild intestinal handling can result in permeability alterations and oxidative stress in the enterocytes, mainly as a results of activation of xanthine oxidase, and the damage is reversible with time. (16) We have proved the (17) Bacterial translocation has been defined as the movement of viable enteric bacterial to the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and distant organ sites such as the liver and spleen.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Several studies have investigated the effect of surgical manipulation of the intestine on gut barrier function and luminal microflora in animal models (14,15) . Clinical studies (39) In some cases, bacterial translocation was detected somewhat higher in the laparoscopic than the open surgery, although such data are not statistically significant.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laparoscopic versus open colorectal surgery for colon cancer: the effect of surgical trauma on the bacterial translocation. A prospective randomized study

Schietroma¹,

Pessia²,

Carlei³

et al. 2015

The American Journal of Surgery

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Role of xanthine oxidase in small bowel mucosal dysfunction after surgical stress

Abstract: Surgical stress affects both the villus and crypt cell populations in the small intestine. The enzyme xanthine oxidase maybe an important mediator of surgical stress in the intestine.

Cited by 39 publications

References 27 publications

Glutamine Decreases the Duration of Postoperative Ileus After Abdominal Surgery: An Experimental Study of Conscious Dogs

Glutamine Decreases the Duration of Postoperative Ileus After Abdominal Surgery: An Experimental Study of Conscious Dogs

Intestinal mucosal alterations in rats with carbon tetrachloride-induced cirrhosis: Changes in glycosylation and luminal bacteria

Laparoscopic versus open colorectal surgery for colon cancer: the effect of surgical trauma on the bacterial translocation. A prospective randomized study

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