“…The interparticle interactions are the underlying engine behind the complex THNE features of multiphase flows. The aforementioned models and their revised versions have been applied successfully to the study of fundamental phenomena and mechanisms of multiphase flows in science and engineering, ranging from droplet evaporation (Ledesma-Aguilar, Vella & Yeomans 2014; Safari, Rahimian & Krafczyk 2014;Zarghami & Van den Akker 2017;Qin et al 2019;Fei et al 2022) to droplet deformation, breakup, splashing and coalescence (Wagner, Wilson & Cates 2003;Wang et al 2015a;Wang, Shu & Yang 2015b;Chen & Deng 2017;Wen et al 2017Wen et al , 2020Liu et al 2018;Liang et al 2019;Yang et al 2022b), collapsing cavitation (Chen, Zhong & Yuan 2011;Falcucci et al 2013;Kähler et al 2015;Sofonea et al 2018;Yang et al 2020Yang et al , 2022a, acoustics levitation (Zang 2020), nucleate boiling Fei et al 2020), ferrofluid and electro-hydrodynamic flows (Falcucci et al 2009;Hu, Li & Niu 2018;Liu, Chai & Shi 2019), hydrodynamic instability (Zhang et al 2001;Fakhari & Lee 2013;Liang et al 2014Liang et al , 2016aLiang, Shi & Chai 2016b;Yang, Zhong & Zhuo 2019;Tavares et al 2021), dendritic growth (Rasin et al 2005;Rojas, Takaki & Ohno 2015;Sun et al 2016a,b), heat and mass transfer in porous media (Chen et al 2015;Chai et al 2016…”