Role of vitamin D in diabetic retinopathy: Pathophysiological and clinical aspects

Tecilazich, Francesco; Formenti, Anna Maria; Giustina, Andrea

doi:10.1007/s11154-020-09575-4

Cited by 36 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 153 publications

(198 reference statements)

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“…Therefore, low calcium levels may be an easy to obtain and reliable in emergency conditions marker of VD deficiency which can in turn have, due to the known immune functions of VD [41], negative impact on patient prognosis. Finally, VD prophylaxis in high-risk populations (elderly patients with comorbidities) besides its positive immunomodulatory actions [31,50,51] may also be thought to be able to prevent severe acute hypocalcemia, if endogenous PTH/VD axis is disrupted by the infection, which may have an additionally negative prognostic impact [36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypocalcemia in COVID-19 is associated with low vitamin D levels and impaired compensatory PTH response

et al. 2021

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Background Hypocalcemia has been identified as a major distinctive feature of COVID-19, predicting poor clinical outcomes. Among the mechanisms underlying this biochemical finding, high prevalence of vitamin D (VD) deficiency in COVID-19 patients reported so far in several studies was advocated. However, robust data in favor of this hypothesis are still lacking. Therefore, aim of our study was to investigate the role of hypovitaminosis D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels in the development of hypocalcemia in COVID-19 patients. Methods Patients admitted to IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele for COVID-19 were enrolled in this study, excluding those with comorbidities and therapies influencing calcium and VD metabolism. Serum levels of total calcium (tCa), ionized calcium (Ca 2+ ), 25-OH-VD, and PTH were evaluated at admission. We defined VD deficiency as VD below 20 ng/mL, hypocalcemia as tCa below 2.2 mmol/L or as Ca 2+ below 1.18 mmol/L, and hyperparathyroidism as PTH above 65 pg/mL. Results A total of 78 patients were included in the study. Median tCa and Ca 2+ levels were 2.15 and 1.15 mmol/L, respectively. Total and ionized hypocalcemia were observed in 53 (67.9%) and 55 (70.5%) patients, respectively. VD deficiency was found in 67.9% of patients, but secondary hyperparathyroidism was detected in 20.5% of them, only. tCa levels were significantly lower in patients with VD deficiency and regression analyses showed a positive correlation between VD and tCa. Conclusions In conclusion, we confirmed a high prevalence of hypocalcemia in COVID-19 patients and we showed for the first time that it occurred largely in the context of marked hypovitaminosis D not adequately compensated by secondary hyperparathyroidism.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypocalcemia in COVID-19 is associated with low vitamin D levels and impaired compensatory PTH response

et al. 2021

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“…Diabetic retinopathy (DR) An inverse relationship between presence and severity of DR, and VD concentration is well established with lowest levels in proliferative DR and highest in diabetic patients without DR [97]. In crosssectional studies, confirmed by meta-analyses from available observational studies, prevalence of DR was reported to be double in VD-deficient vs VD sufficient patients and DR was associated with VD deficiency.…”

Section: Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic Retinopathymentioning

confidence: 98%

Hypovitaminosis D and the endocrine phenotype of COVID-19

Giustina

2021

Endocrine

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Background Vitamin D and its deficiency have recently been suspected to be involved in increased susceptibility and negative outcomes of COVID-19. This assumption was based on the well known immunomodulatory actions of vitamin D and on the consistent finding of low levels of 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Moreover, several studies reported a correlation between 25OHD levels and different clinical outcomes of the disease. Aim Aim of the current review was to approach the topic of vitamin D and COVID-19 from a different perspective summarizing the data which led to the evidence of the existence of an endocrine phenotype of COVID-19. Conclusions This review analyzed in the light of the current knowledge the possibility that several endocrine manifestations of COVID-19 could be holistically interpreted in the context of an inadequate vitamin D status. Keywords Vitamin D • Hypocalcemia • Vertebral fractures • Diabetes mellitus • Obesity • COVID-19

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“…In the current study, unlike adherence to BPs, adherence to vitamin D was similar among the HAM-A tertiles, probably due to the bimonthly vitamin D schedule, the lower probability of adverse events, and the general propensity of its use, as it is considered a panacea for several medical illnesses [88][89][90][91].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

Anxiety Levels Predict Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women Undergoing Oral Bisphosphonates: A Two-Year Follow-Up

Martino

Bellone

Vicario

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Clinical psychological factors may predict medical diseases. Anxiety level has been associated with osteoporosis, but its role on bone mineral density (BMD) change is still unknown. This study aimed to investigate the association between anxiety levels and both adherence and treatment response to oral bisphosphonates (BPs) in postmenopausal osteoporosis. BMD and anxiety levels were evaluated trough dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), respectively. Participants received weekly medication with alendronate or risedronate and were grouped according to the HAM-A scores into tertiles (HAM-A 3 > HAM-A 2 > HAM-A 1). After 24 months, BMD changes were different among the HAM-A tertiles. The median lumbar BMD change was significantly greater in both the HAM-A 2 and HAM-A 3 in comparison with the HAM-A 1. The same trend was observed for femoral BMD change. Adherence to BPs was >75% in 68% of patients in the HAM-A 1, 79% of patients in the HAM-A 2, and 89% of patients in the HAM-A 3 (p = 0.0014). After correcting for age, body mass index, depressive symptoms, and the 10-yr. probability of osteoporotic fractures, anxiety levels independently predicted lumbar BMD change (β = 0.3417, SE 0.145, p = 0.02). In conclusion, women with higher anxiety levels reported greater BMD improvement, highlighting that anxiety was associated with adherence and response to osteoporosis medical treatment, although further research on this topic is needed.

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Role of vitamin D in diabetic retinopathy: Pathophysiological and clinical aspects

Cited by 36 publications

References 153 publications

Hypocalcemia in COVID-19 is associated with low vitamin D levels and impaired compensatory PTH response

Hypocalcemia in COVID-19 is associated with low vitamin D levels and impaired compensatory PTH response

Hypovitaminosis D and the endocrine phenotype of COVID-19

Anxiety Levels Predict Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women Undergoing Oral Bisphosphonates: A Two-Year Follow-Up

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