Role of Vitamin C in Skin Aging Mechanism-A Narrative Review

Abstract

Background: The cosmetics industry has seen significant growth due to the pursuit of beauty and the increasing demand for anti-aging agents. These agents, derived from active ingredients like polyphenols, retinol, and pro-xylane, are categorized into synthetic, plant, and fermentation components. Among these, synthetic components such as vitamins A, B, and C are widely used. Vitamin C has long been utilized in food and medicine for its beneficial effects, including its crucial role in collagen formation. The aging process, while slow and prolonged, is significantly influenced by vitamin C, making it an indispensable component for skin health. Objective: This study aimed to determine how vitamin C helps reduce aging and controls the mechanisms associated with skin aging. Methods: A comprehensive narrative review was conducted by synthesizing existing literature from electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The search included keywords like "Vitamin C," "skin aging," "collagen synthesis," "oxidative stress," and "melanogenesis." Studies included were peer-reviewed, written in English, and published within the last 20 years. Both in vivo and in vitro studies were considered to assess the biochemical functions of vitamin C, its protective roles against UV radiation, and its therapeutic potential in various skin conditions. Data were critically analyzed, focusing on study designs, sample sizes, and statistical analyses. Results: Vitamin C was found to enhance collagen synthesis, with studies showing a significant increase in collagen production (Makrantonaki & Zouboulis, 2007). Its antioxidant properties effectively neutralized reactive oxygen species, reducing oxidative stress and preventing DNA damage, with a reduction of ROS levels by 30-50% in UV-exposed skin cells (Rinnerthaler et al., 2015). Inhibitory effects on melanogenesis were observed, with vitamin C reducing melanin synthesis by 25% (Shimada et al., 2009). Additionally, therapeutic benefits were noted in treating acne, psoriasis, and hyperpigmentation, with a 40% improvement in acne scars (Chawla, 2014) and a 35% reduction in psoriasis symptoms (Soodgupta et al., 2014). Conclusion: Vitamin C plays a crucial role in maintaining skin health and combating aging through various mechanisms, including enhancing collagen synthesis, providing antioxidant protection, inhibiting melanogenesis, and treating skin diseases. Its consistent findings across multiple studies support its continued use in clinical and cosmetic dermatology. Further research with standardized methodologies is recommended to optimize its application and fully understand its potential.