Role of vernalization and of duplicated <i><scp>FLOWERING LOCUS</scp> C</i> in the perennial <i>Arabidopsis lyrata</i>

Kemi, Ulla; Niittyvuopio, Anne; Toivainen, Tuomas; Pasanen, Anu; Quilot-Turion, Bènèdicte; Holm, Karl; Lagercrantz, Ulf; Savolainen, Outi; Kuittinen, Helmi

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04378.x

Cited by 56 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…DNA was isolated and genotyping performed for Sp · Ma and Sp · Stu F 2 as described in Leppälä and Savolainen (2011) and for Sp · Pl F 2 as in Kemi et al (2013) Kemi et al (2013).…”

Section: Genotypingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigating Incipient Speciation in Arabidopsis lyrata from Patterns of Transmission Ratio Distortion

2013

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Our understanding of the development of intrinsic reproductive isolation is still largely based on theoretical models and thorough empirical studies on a small number of species. Theory suggests that reproductive isolation develops through accumulation of epistatic genic incompatibilities, also known as Bateson-Dobzhansky-Muller (BDM) incompatibilities. We can detect these from marker transmission ratio distortion (TRD) in hybrid progenies of crosses between species or populations, where TRD is expected to result from selection against heterospecific allele combinations in hybrids. TRD may also manifest itself because of intragenomic conflicts or competition between gametes or zygotes. We studied early stage speciation in Arabidopsis lyrata by investigating patterns of TRD across the genome in F 2 progenies of three reciprocal crosses between four natural populations. We found that the degree of TRD increases with genetic distance between crossed populations, but also that reciprocal progenies may differ substantially in their degree of TRD. Chromosomes AL6 and especially AL1 appear to be involved in many single-and two-locus distortions, but the location and source of TRD vary between crosses and between reciprocal progenies. We also found that the majority of single-and two-locus TRD appears to have a gametic, as opposed to zygotic, origin. Thus, while theory on BDM incompatibilities is typically illustrated with derived nuclear alleles proving incompatible in hybrid zygotes, our results suggest a prominent role for distortions emerging before zygote formation. C OMPLETE reproductive isolation between natural populations is usually achieved through several reproductive barriers, acting at different developmental stages. In plants prezygotic reproductive isolation acts either prepollination (e.g., habitat, temporal, or pollinator isolation) or postpollination (e.g., unilateral incompatibility or conspecific pollen precedence). Postzygotic isolating mechanisms either reduce viability, fertility, or fitness of hybrids or prevent development of a hybrid altogether. The effect of postzygotic reproductive barriers may be environment dependent (e.g., Hatfield and Schluter 1999) or independent of the environment. The latter, intrinsic postzygotic barriers, cause reduced viability or fertility of hybrids and have been studied extensively, e.g., in Drosophila (for a review see Coyne and Orr 2004;Presgraves 2010).Despite the importance of development of reproductive isolation as an evolutionary process, and despite considerable study, precise molecular genetic mechanisms of postzygotic isolation have rarely been described (Presgraves 2010;Rieseberg and Blackman 2010). It is generally assumed, however, that intrinsic postzygotic isolation is due to Bateson-Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities (BDMI;Orr 1995;Orr and Turelli 2001). These incompatibilities emerge when in (usually) isolated populations new alleles arise, which upon secondary contact do not function together. In a few cases single genes involved in BD...

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“…DNA was isolated and genotyping performed for Sp · Ma and Sp · Stu F 2 as described in Leppälä and Savolainen (2011) and for Sp · Pl F 2 as in Kemi et al (2013) Kemi et al (2013).…”

Section: Genotypingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the Sp · Pl cross, 40 microsatellite and CAPS markers were genotyped. For details see Kemi et al (2013). …”

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Investigating Incipient Speciation in Arabidopsis lyrata from Patterns of Transmission Ratio Distortion

2013

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“…Expression of some of these homologues has been shown to be reduced by vernalization212223242526 and genetic evidence demonstrates that some act as floral repressors2127. In addition to their role in vernalization, differences in expression of FLC orthologues can contribute to diversification of life history within the Brassicaceae.…”

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“…Interestingly, in the perennial species Arabis alpina , A. halleri , Cardamine flexuosa and A. lyrata the expression patterns of FLC orthologues differ from A. thaliana FLC . The FLC genes in the perennials are not stably repressed by vernalization but their expression increases after return to warm temperatures21242628. The A. alpina FLC orthologue, PERPETUAL FLOWERING 1 ( PEP1 ), has additional perennial specific functions.…”

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Evolutionary conservation of cold-induced antisense RNAs of FLOWERING LOCUS C in Arabidopsis thaliana perennial relatives

et al. 2014

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Antisense RNA (asRNA) COOLAIR is expressed at A. thaliana FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) in response to winter temperatures. Its contribution to cold-induced silencing of FLC was proposed but its functional and evolutionary significance remain unclear. Here we identify a highly conserved block containing the COOLAIR first exon and core promoter at the 3′ end of several FLC orthologues. Furthermore, asRNAs related to COOLAIR are expressed at FLC loci in the perennials A. alpina and A. lyrata, although some splicing variants differ from A. thaliana. Study of the A. alpina orthologue, PERPETUAL FLOWERING 1 (PEP1), demonstrates that AaCOOLAIR is induced each winter of the perennial life cycle. Introduction of PEP1 into A. thaliana reveals that AaCOOLAIR cis-elements confer cold-inducibility in this heterologous species while the difference between PEP1 and FLC mRNA patterns depends on both cis-elements and species-specific trans-acting factors. Thus, expression of COOLAIR is highly conserved, supporting its importance in FLC regulation.

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“…According to early reports, at least four pathways control the transition of Arabidopsis flowering, including the photoperiod pathway, autonomous pathway, gibberellin (GA) pathway, and vernalization pathway (Kemi et al 2013;Mulekar and Huq 2012;Osnato et al 2012). In Arabidopsis, several pathways converge to regulate the expression of at least three genes that promote flowering, namely, the pathway integrators SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1 (SOC1) (Lee J and Lee I 2010), FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), and LEAFY (LFY) (Moyroud et al 2010).…”

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SDR6 is involved in regulation of flowering time in Arabidopsis thaliana

Xing

Zhang

Yang

et al. 2014

Plant Biotechnology

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Identification of flowering-time related genes in Arabidopsis thaliana has very important and meaningful to understand the regulation mechanism of the flowering-time. One late flowering mutant plant which displays a delayed transition to flowering was obtained from the Arabidopsis T-DNA insertion mutant library. SDR6, which encodes a short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase containing a NAD(P)-binding domain in Arabidopsis, has been identified as a novel flowering-time gene in Arabidopsis by further analyzing of SDR6 complementing plants. The sdr6 plants displayed later flowering than wild-type plants both in long and short days, but flowered later in short day than in long day. The flowering-time of SDR6 complementing plants is similar to that of wild-type plants. The late-flowering phenotype of sdr6 plants was reversed by gibberellin and vernalization treatments, which is similar to those of several mutants in the autonomous pathway. Compared with the wild-type, expression levels of FLC, LD, FVE, and SOC1 genes, key components of the autonomous pathway, were significantly altered in sdr6 mutants. However, expression levels of the key genes in the photoperiod, gibberellin, and vernalization pathways were not obviously different. Therefore, this gene may be involved in the autonomous flowering pathway to regulate the Arabidopsis flowering.

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Role of vernalization and of duplicated FLOWERING LOCUS C in the perennial Arabidopsis lyrata

Cited by 56 publications

References 70 publications

Investigating Incipient Speciation in Arabidopsis lyrata from Patterns of Transmission Ratio Distortion

Investigating Incipient Speciation in Arabidopsis lyrata from Patterns of Transmission Ratio Distortion

Evolutionary conservation of cold-induced antisense RNAs of FLOWERING LOCUS C in Arabidopsis thaliana perennial relatives

SDR6 is involved in regulation of flowering time in Arabidopsis thaliana

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