Role of Ultrasonography (USG) in Female Subfertility

Abstract

Background: In modern era of conservative therapies and minimal invasive surgeries, imaging plays an important role in diagnosis, treatment and determination of prognosis of a disease. Role of ultrasonography (USG) in female subfertility has been documented in World Medical literature. Hence, in this study, we aim to determine the accuracy of USG in determining variety of causes of female subfertility using hysterolaparoscopy as a gold standard in our conditions. Subjects and Methods: One hundred and thirty females in reproductive agegroup presenting with primary and secondary subfertility were included in the study. Females with primary amenorrhea were excluded from the study. All patients underwent endovaginal USG (EVS) while Color Doppler Flow Imaging (CDFI) was used whenever indicated. Imaging was done after 8th-10th day of menstrual cycle and a minimum of 3-4 days after complete cessation of menstrual blood flow. Results: USG is very accurate in detecting polycystic ovaries, leiomyoma / adenomyoma, etc with nearly 100% accuracy while has considerable limitations in tubal disease and in cases of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) where the accuracy may fall up to 50%. Conclusion: USG should be first investigation of choice in all patients presenting with subfertility as it is highly accurate in detecting polycystic ovaries, leiomyoma, endometriosis / adenomyosis, endometrial thickening and uterine and ovarian anomalies. Further imaging, should be used reserved tool in patients with complex clinical disease showing unremarkable or non-characteristic USG.

Therapeutic Potential of Heterocyclic Compounds Targeting Mitochondrial Calcium Homeostasis and Signaling in Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease

“…Another study confirmed a significant reduction in MDA content following diltiazem treatment [106]. Oral supplementation with diltiazem reduced the levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive species (TBARS) and nitrite together with an upregulation of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione enzymatic activities in an aluminum chloride mouse model of AD [101]. In summary, the Ltype VOCC diltiazem is a Ca 2+ antagonist that can be used to treat dementia and dementiarelated diseases due to its capability to improve cognitive deficits, such as learning and memory capacity.…”

“…Increased content of aluminum within NFTs was observed in both the inferior temporal cortex and hippocampus of individuals with AD [100]. Aluminum chloride has been reported to cause dementia, but administration of diltiazem reversed learning and memory deficits, AChE upregulation, and oxidative damage in mice [101].…”

Insights into morphometry and topography of corpus callosum among Indians

“…Corpus callosum is a bundle of nerve fiber which reflects the cognitive status of an individual in various neuropathological conditions and behavioral development [ 8 ]. The Corpus callosum develops after birth during the first 1-4 years and development extends up to 30 years [ 9 ].…”

“…[1] Distance between the frontal pole to occipital pole of brain-Longitudinal dimensions of brain-XY [2] Vertical height of brain along the line passing from central sulcus on the superomedial surface of brain intersecting midpoint of corpus callosum and ending in inferomedial border-AB [3] Longitudinal dimension of corpus callosum/distance between genu to splenium of corpus callosum-DE [4] Distance between frontal pole of the brain to genu of corpus callosum -DF [5] Distance between the occipital pole of the brain to splenium-EG [6] Distance between genu of corpus callosum to anterior commissure-DH [7] Distance between genu of corpus callosum to anterior end of lamina terminalis-DI [8] Height of corpus callosum: To measure the height three points were taken. First point at lowermost point of genu (Point1), second point at lowermost point of splenium (Point2).…”