Role of Trisodium Citrate and Nanominerals in Mastitis Management in Dairy Animals: A Review

Abstract

Mastitis is the most common disease of dairy cattle across the globe including India and cause huge economic losses to dairy farmers. Mastitis is also the most common reason for antibiotic usage in dairy animals, which is an important reason for antimicrobial resistance development in human and veterinary important pathogen. Optimization of nutrition and improvement of immunity of lactating cows are important strategies to reduce the susceptibility to mastitis and thereby reduction of antibiotic use. Copper, Zinc and Manganese are important trace minerals for maintaining udder health and immunity but, their contents and bioavailability is affected by several factors. Citrate, the precursor for milk synthesis is an important determinant of udder health but, the role of citrate in udder health is not clear as milk citrate level is affected by various factors. This review discusses about the role of trisodium citrate and various forms of trace minerals in mastitis management in dairy animals.

Strategies for Preventing Environmental Mastitis in Dairy Farming: A Review

“…While it may not be possible to completely eradicate environmental pathogen-induced mastitis from a dairy herd, it is possible to effectively manage it using precautions meant to lower exposure and strengthen the cow's immune system. In order to reduce the susceptibility to mastitis while keeping in mind Anti-Microbial Resistant (AMR), it is important to improve housing, nutrition, and immunity in nursing cows by the supplementation of nano minerals [51,61].…”

“…To meet these demands, dairy processors now require milk that adheres to stringent international standards, with Bulk Milk Somatic Cell Count (BMSCC) and Total Bacterial Count (BMTBC) serving as key benchmarks [6,46]. However, mastitis, a prevalent ailment among dairy cows, remains a significant and costly challenge for the dairy industry [51,50]. Mastitis, characterized by inflammation of the mammary glands, threatens both animal welfare and the financial stability of dairy operations [29].…”

“…Impact of mastitis is evident through reduced milk production, treatment expenses, milk withholding post-treatment, increased labor requirements, and premature culling of affected cows. Of particular concern is subclinical mastitis, which is challenging to detect and manage due to its high prevalence, prolonged incubation period, and potential progression to clinical mastitis [51,54]. In India alone, mastitis inflicts an annual economic loss of approximately 2,37,00,00,000 rupees, with subclinical mastitis accounting for around 70% of this financial burden [51].…”

“…Of particular concern is subclinical mastitis, which is challenging to detect and manage due to its high prevalence, prolonged incubation period, and potential progression to clinical mastitis [51,54]. In India alone, mastitis inflicts an annual economic loss of approximately 2,37,00,00,000 rupees, with subclinical mastitis accounting for around 70% of this financial burden [51]. Additionally, subclinical mastitis results in substantial lactation losses ranging from INR 21,677 to 88,340 including reduced milk production, changes in milk quality and treatment cost [41].…”