Role of the temperature dynamics in formation of nanopatterns upon single femtosecond laser pulses on gold

Abstract

In this paper we investigate whether the periodic structures on metal surfaces exposed to single ultrashort laser pulses can appear due to an instability induced by two-temperature heating dynamics. The results of two-temperature model (TTM) 2D simulations are presented on the irradiation of gold by a single 800 nm femtosecond laser pulse whose intensity is modulated in order to reproduce a small initial temperature perturbation, which can arise from incoming and scattered surface wave interference. The growing (unstable) modes of the temperature distribution along the surface may be responsible for the LIPSS (Laser Induced Periodic Surface Structures) formation.After the end of the laser pulse and before the complete coupling between lattice and electrons occurs, the evolution of the amplitude of the subsequent modulation in the lattice temperature reveals different tendencies depending on the spatial period of the initial modulation.This instability-like behaviour is shown to arise due to the perturbation of the electronic temperature which relaxes slower for bigger spatial periods and thus imparts more significant modulations to the lattice temperature. Small spatial periods of the order of 100 nm and smaller experience stabilization and fast decay from the more efficient lateral heat diffusion which facilitates the relaxation of the electronic temperature amplitude due to in-depth diffusion. An analytical instability analysis of a simplified version of the TTM set of equations supports the lattice temperature modulation behaviour obtained in the simulations and reveals that in-depth diffusion length is a determining parameter in the dispersion relation of unstable modes. Finally it is discussed how the change in optical properties can intensify the modulation-related effects.PACS numbers:

Wavelength dependence of picosecond laser-induced periodic surface structures on copper

“…The amplitude modulation in the electron temperature evolves into a high-amplitude modulation in the lattice temperature upon electronlattice thermalization. This process was studied in detail in [25,30]. 3.…”

Maxwell Meets Marangoni—A Review of Theories on Laser‐Induced Periodic Surface Structures

“…[104] Technically, the TTM is a pair of partial differential equations that are used to track the temporal evolution of the temperatures (electron temperature T e and ion/lattice temperature T i ) of a system of interacting electrons and lattice ions, which are both in local thermal equilibrium among themselves but not with each other. With the surface situated at (x; z = 0) and z being the depth, the temporal evolution can be derived from [103,105] C e T e (t, x, z)…”

Three-Step Description of Single-Pulse Formation of Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures on Metals

“…We demonstrate that LIPSS formation by single laser pulses is possible on incompletely smooth surface and propose a theoretical approach, which combines electrodynamic, hydrodynamic and two-temperature thermal conduction ideas. This paper summarizes and extends the main points of the proposed model, which were partly published in several papers [ 12 , 16 , 17 , 18 ], and provides a comparison of different materials as compared to our earlier work [ 17 ].…”