“…Furthermore, a single promoter region, located upstream from the most distal untranslated exon, has been defined in the rat GR gene [41], whereas both a proximal and a distal promoter, located upstream from the first coding exon and from the single untranslated exon, respectively, have been described in the mouse [45] and human [44] genes. Structurally, these promoters lack consensus TATA and CAAT boxes, are GC rich and contain several putative Sp1 binding sites, as many promoters of housekeeping genes [46]. Other interesting features include, in the rat promoter (between -545 and -527), a glucose response element consisting of a highly palindromic sequence of 19 nucleotides, centered on two E boxes (CACGTG and CAGCTG) separated by three nucleotides [41]; and in the proximal human promoter (between -1062 and -354), several CRE, C/EBPa and AP-1 elements, known to be involved in cAMP regulation of gene expression [44].…”