Role of the Penultimate Foot Contact During Change of Direction: Implications on Performance and Risk of Injury

Dos’Santos, Thomas; Thomas, Christopher R.; Comfort, Paul; Jones, Paul A.

doi:10.1519/ssc.0000000000000395

Cited by 49 publications

(118 citation statements)

References 85 publications

(120 reference statements)

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“…Faster performance was also found for the turns from the kicking limb which could partially be attributed to the female athletes displaying greater horizontal braking forces in the penultimate foot contact relative to the final foot contact; thus, a greater horizontal ground reaction force ratio in their D limb turn. This finding is noteworthy because high magnitudes of penultimate foot contact braking forces relative to the final foot contact have been identified as a determinant of faster 180° turning performance [53,54]. Furthermore, Nimphius et al [22] reported a 27.4% asymmetry in COD deficit for a female athlete, and attributed the differences based on qualitative assessments of the braking and turning strategies between directions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Comparison of Change of Direction Speed Performance and Asymmetries between Team-Sport Athletes: Application of Change of Direction Deficit

Dos’Santos

Thomas

Comfort

et al. 2018

Sports

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The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to examine differences in change of direction (COD) performance and asymmetries between team-sports while considering the effects of sex and sport; (2) to evaluate the relationship between linear speed, COD completion time, and COD deficit. A total of 115 (56 males, 59 females) athletes active in cricket, soccer, netball, and basketball performed the 505 for both left and right limbs and a 10-m sprint test. All team-sports displayed directional dominance (i.e., faster turning performance/shorter COD deficits towards a direction) (p ≤ 0.001, g = −0.62 to −0.96, −11.0% to −28.4%) with, male cricketers tending to demonstrate the greatest COD deficit asymmetries between directions compared to other team-sports (28.4 ± 26.5%, g = 0.19–0.85), while female netballers displayed the lowest asymmetries (11.0 ± 10.1%, g = 0.14–0.86). Differences in sprint and COD performance were observed between sexes and sports, with males demonstrating faster 10-m sprint times, and 505 times compared to females of the same sport. Male soccer and male cricketers displayed shorter COD deficits compared to females of the same sport; however, female court athletes demonstrated shorter COD deficits compared to male court athletes. Large significant associations (ρ = 0.631–0.643, p < 0.001) between 505 time and COD deficit were revealed, while trivial, non-significant associations (ρ ≤ −0.094, p ≥ 0.320) between COD deficit and 10-m sprint times were observed. In conclusion, male and female team-sport athletes display significant asymmetries and directional dominance during a high approach velocity 180° turning task. Coaches and practitioners are advised to apply the COD deficit for a more isolated measure of COD ability (i.e., not biased towards athletes with superior acceleration and linear speed) and perform COD speed assessments from both directions to establish directional dominance and create a COD symmetry profile.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Comparison of Change of Direction Speed Performance and Asymmetries between Team-Sport Athletes: Application of Change of Direction Deficit

Dos’Santos

Thomas

Comfort

et al. 2018

Sports

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“…Although the frequencies of high-intensity accelerations have been shown to be different between positional roles in hockey, the relative frequency of high-intensity decelerations was similar across all positions (0.9–1.0 n·min). As the ability to decelerate at high intensity can also influence a player’s change of direction performance [82], these actions may have particular importance to hockey match-play performance outcomes. Furthermore, both high-intensity accelerations and decelerations have been shown to be the match-activity variables most sensitive to fatigue development during hockey match play [18].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Intensity Acceleration and Deceleration Demands in Elite Team Sports Competitive Match Play: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

2019

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Background The external movement loads imposed on players during competitive team sports are commonly measured using global positioning system devices. Information gleaned from analyses is employed to calibrate physical conditioning and injury prevention strategies with the external loads imposed during match play. Intense accelerations and decelerations are considered particularly important indicators of external load. However, to date, no prior meta-analysis has compared high and very high intensity acceleration and deceleration demands in elite team sports during competitive match play. Objective The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to quantify and compare high and very high intensity acceleration vs. deceleration demands occurring during competitive match play in elite team sport contexts. Methods A systematic review of four electronic databases (CINAHL, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science) was conducted to identify peer-reviewed articles published between January 2010 and April 2018 that had reported higher intensity (> 2.5 m•s −2) accelerations and decelerations concurrently in elite team sports competitive match play. A Boolean search phrase was developed using key words synonymous to team sports (population), acceleration and deceleration (comparators) and match play (outcome). Articles only eligible for meta-analysis were those that reported either or both high (> 2.5 m•s −2) and very high (> 3.5 m•s −2) intensity accelerations and decelerations concurrently using global positioning system devices (sampling rate: ≥ 5 Hz) during elite able-bodied (mean age: ≥ 18 years) team sports competitive match play (match time: ≥ 75%). Separate inverse random-effects meta-analyses were conducted to compare: (1) standardised mean differences (SMDs) in the frequency of high and very high intensity accelerations and decelerations occurring during match play, and (2) SMDs of temporal changes in high and very high intensity accelerations and decelerations across first and second half periods of match play. Using recent guidelines recommended for the collection, processing and reporting of global positioning system data, a checklist was produced to help inform a judgement about the methodological limitations (risk of detection bias) aligned to 'data collection', 'data processing' and 'normative profile' for each eligible study. For each study, each outcome was rated as either 'low', 'unclear' or 'high' risk of bias. Results A total of 19 studies met the eligibility criteria, comprising seven team sports including American Football (n = 1), Australian Football (n = 2), hockey (n = 1), rugby league (n = 4), rugby sevens (n = 3), rugby union (n = 2) and soccer (n = 6) with a total of 469 male participants (mean age: 18-29 years). Analysis showed only American Football reported a greater frequency of high (SMD = 1.26; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06-1.43) and very high (SMD = 0.19; 95% CI − 0.42 to 0.80) intensity accelerations compared to decelerations. All other sports had a greater frequency of h...

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“…The COD speed and training intervention focused on modifying biomechanical deficits associated with increased injury-risk [14,22,27] and promoting techniques required for faster performance [14,22,23,24]. For example, the programme focused on several aspects: a wide foot-plant is required for medio-lateral propulsive impulse generation and subsequent exit velocity during cutting [22,24]; faster performance and lower knee joint loading has been associated with increased PFC braking forces [41]; and trunk lean towards the direction of travel and reduced lateral trunk flexion is associated with faster performance and reduced knee joint loads [14,22,23]. Moreover, knee valgus is also a hazardous “high-risk” posture [56] with no associated performance benefits [14,23,24] and thus, was a further desired technical change in response to the intervention.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The six-week technique modification intervention focused on pre-planned low-intensity decelerations and turns (weeks 1–2), before progressing intensity via velocity and angle (weeks 3–4) [27,36,39], and introducing a stimulus with increased intensity (weeks 3–6). The COD programme was in accordance with COD speed recommendations from the National Strength and Conditioning Association [40], Nimphius [5], and recent braking-strategy recommendations [41], and the duration, distances, and number of CODs were similar to previously successful 6-week COD speed [6,7,8] and COD technique modification studies [13,25]. The sessions were led by the principle investigator, who is a certified strength and conditioning specialist with extensive experience in coaching COD speed and agility drills.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Six-Weeks Change of Direction Speed and Technique Modification Training on Cutting Performance and Movement Quality in Male Youth Soccer Players

Dos’Santos

McBurnie

Comfort

et al. 2019

Sports

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Cutting manoeuvres are important actions associated with soccer performance and a key action associated with non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injury; thus, training interventions that can improve cutting performance and movement quality are of great interest. The aim of this study, therefore, was to determine the effects of a six-week change of dire[ction (COD) speed and technique modification training intervention on cutting performance and movement quality in male youth soccer players (U17s, n = 8) in comparison to a control group (CG) (U18s, n = 11) who continued ‘normal’ training. Cutting performance was assessed based on completion time and COD deficit, and the field-based cutting movement assessment score (CMAS) qualitative screening tool was used to assess cutting movement quality. Significant main effects for time (pre-to-post changes) (p ≤ 0.041, η2 = 0.224–0.839) and significant interaction effects of time and group were observed for cutting completion times, COD deficits, and CMASs. Improvements in completion time (p < 0.001, g = 1.63–1.90, −9% to −11% vs. −5% to 6%) and COD deficit (p ≤ 0.012, g = −1.63 to −2.43, −40–52% vs. −22% to −28%) for the COD intervention group (IG) were approximately two-times greater than the CG. Furthermore, lower CMASs (i.e., improved cutting movement quality) were only observed in the IG (p ≤ 0.025, g = −0.85 to −1.46, −23% to −34% vs. 6–19%) compared to the CG. The positive changes in CMASs were attributed to improved cutting technique and reduced incidences of high-risk deficits such as lateral trunk flexion, extended knee postures, knee valgus, hip internal rotation, and improved braking strategies. The results of this study indicate that COD speed and technique modification training, in addition to normal skills and strength training, improves cutting performance and movement quality in male youth soccer players. Practitioners working with male youth soccer players should implement COD speed and technique modification training to improve cutting performance and movement quality, which may decrease potential injury-risk.

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Role of the Penultimate Foot Contact During Change of Direction: Implications on Performance and Risk of Injury

Cited by 49 publications

References 85 publications

Comparison of Change of Direction Speed Performance and Asymmetries between Team-Sport Athletes: Application of Change of Direction Deficit

Comparison of Change of Direction Speed Performance and Asymmetries between Team-Sport Athletes: Application of Change of Direction Deficit

High-Intensity Acceleration and Deceleration Demands in Elite Team Sports Competitive Match Play: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

The Effects of Six-Weeks Change of Direction Speed and Technique Modification Training on Cutting Performance and Movement Quality in Male Youth Soccer Players

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