Role of the oral microbiome, metabolic pathways, and novel diagnostic tools in intra-oral halitosis: a comprehensive update

Foo, Lean Heong; Balan, Preethi; Pang, Li Mei; Laine, Marja L.; Seneviratne, Chaminda Jayampath

doi:10.1080/1040841x.2021.1888867

Cited by 25 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 129 publications

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“…This might be related to differences in the function of probiotics and in the number and species of bacteria associated with each VSC reduction. 12 35 64 Additionally, the regular VSC measurement device was reported to be more sensitive towards H 2 S than CH 3 SH and C 2 H 6 S, 46 which may also account for the above result.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“… 11 Some microorganisms such as Fusobacterium nucleatum , Porphyromonas gingivalis , Prevotella intermedia , Prevotella nigrescens and Treponema denticola are involved in periodontal diseases and may also facilitate the production of VSC metabolism. 12 Some studies using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and GC-MS-based metabolite profiling found that the bacterial composition, diversity and metabolites of the halitosis group were different from those of the control group. 13 14 Therefore, the anaerobic oral condition might play an important role in the development of halitosis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Efficacy of probiotics in the management of halitosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Huang

Xiao

et al. 2022

BMJ Open

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BackgroundHalitosis is defined as a foul odour emitted from the oral cavity. Many interventions have been used to control halitosis from mouthwashes to chewing gums. Probiotics have been reported as an alternative method to alleviate halitosis.ObjectiveThe present study aimed to investigate the effect of probiotics on halitosis from a time perspective.Design and methodsThis is a meta-analysis study performed in indexed databases up to February 2021. Randomised controlled trials that compared the effects of probiotics and placebo on primary outcomes (organoleptic (OLP) scores and volatile sulfur compound (VSC) levels) and secondary outcomes (tongue coating scores (TCS) and plaque index (PI)) were included. Data extraction and quality assessment were conducted independently by two reviewers. Publication bias and leave-one-out analyses were performed.ResultsThe standardised mean difference (SMD) and 95% CI were calculated to synthesise data. The data were subgrouped and analysed in the short term (≤4 weeks) and long term (>4 weeks) based on the follow-up time. Seven articles were included in this meta-analysis. The primary outcomes, OLP scores (SMD=−0.58; 95% CI −0.87 to –0.30, p<0.0001) and VSC levels (SMD=−0.26; 95% CI −0.51 to –0.01, p=0.04), both decreased significantly in the probiotics group compared with the placebo group in the short term. However, a significant reduction was observed only in OLP scores (SMD=−0.45; 95% CI −0.85 to –0.04, p=0.03) in the long term. No significant differences were observed in secondary outcomes. There was no evidence of publication bias. The leave-one-out analysis confirmed that the pooled estimate was stable.ConclusionsAccording to the results of this work, it seems that probiotics (eg,Lactobacillus salivarius,Lactobacillus reuteri,Streptococcus salivariusandWeissella cibaria) may relieve halitosis in the short term (≤4 weeks). The results of the biased assessment, limited data and heterogeneity of the clinical trials included might reduce the reliability of the conclusions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of probiotics in the management of halitosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Huang

Xiao

et al. 2022

BMJ Open

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“…This result is based on the fact that key microbial species may play a causal role in the pathophysiology of liver cirrhosis. Another study uses the detection of oral microbiota to make a more detailed classification of halitosis so as to provide a more accurate treatment (141). Unfortunately, there are few studies on microorganisms as diagnostic tools, and there is still a lot of room for development in this field.…”

Section: Microbial Diagnostic Toolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prostate Microbiota and Prostate Cancer: A New Trend in Treatment

Che

Zhang

et al. 2021

Front. Oncol.

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Although the incidence and mortality of prostate cancer have gradually begun to decline in the past few years, it is still one of the leading causes of death from malignant tumors in the world. The occurrence and development of prostate cancer are affected by race, family history, microenvironment, and other factors. In recent decades, more and more studies have confirmed that prostate microflora in the tumor microenvironment may play an important role in the occurrence, development, and prognosis of prostate cancer. Microorganisms or their metabolites may affect the occurrence and metastasis of cancer cells or regulate anti-cancer immune surveillance. In addition, the use of tumor microenvironment bacteria in interventional targeting therapy of tumors also shows a unique advantage. In this review, we introduce the pathway of microbiota into prostate cancer, focusing on the mechanism of microorganisms in tumorigenesis and development, as well as the prospect and significance of microorganisms as tumor biomarkers and tumor prevention and treatment.

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“…Integration of different omics approaches may help us gather comprehensive information on the function of the oral microbiome in halitosis [ 117 ]. The different omics data that are found to correlate with halitosis, such as microbiomics and metabolomics data, can be fit into a logical framework to discover the responsible molecular pathways that elucidate the role of the different bacteria responsible for halitosis [ 118 , 119 ].…”

Section: Assessment Of Halitosismentioning

confidence: 99%

A Literature Review and Framework Proposal for Halitosis Assessment in Cigarette Smokers and Alternative Nicotine-Delivery Products Users

Zanetti

Semren

Battey

et al. 2021

Front. Oral. Health

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Halitosis is a health condition which counts cigarette smoking (CS) among its major risk factors. Cigarette smoke can cause an imbalance in the oral bacterial community, leading to several oral diseases and conditions, including intraoral halitosis. Although the best approach to decrease smoking-related health risks is quitting smoking, this is not feasible for many smokers. Switching to potentially reduced-risk products, like electronic vapor products (EVP) or heated tobacco products (HTP), may help improve the conditions associated with CS. To date, there have been few systematic studies on the effects of CS on halitosis and none have assessed the effects of EVP and HTP use. Self-assessment studies have shown large limitations owing to the lack of reliability in the participants' judgment. This has compelled the scientific community to develop a strategy for meaningful assessment of these new products in comparison with cigarettes. Here, we compiled a review of the existing literature on CS and halitosis and propose a 3-layer approach that combines the use of the most advanced breath analysis techniques and multi-omics analysis to define the interactions between oral bacterial species and their role in halitosis both in vitro and in vivo. Such an approach will allow us to compare the effects of different nicotine-delivery products on oral bacteria and quantify their impact on halitosis. Defining the impact of alternative nicotine-delivery products on intraoral halitosis and its associated bacteria will help the scientific community advance a step further toward understanding the safety of these products and their potentiall risks for consumers.

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Role of the oral microbiome, metabolic pathways, and novel diagnostic tools in intra-oral halitosis: a comprehensive update

Cited by 25 publications

References 129 publications

Efficacy of probiotics in the management of halitosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Efficacy of probiotics in the management of halitosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Prostate Microbiota and Prostate Cancer: A New Trend in Treatment

A Literature Review and Framework Proposal for Halitosis Assessment in Cigarette Smokers and Alternative Nicotine-Delivery Products Users

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