Role of the gut microbiota in health and chronic gastrointestinal disease: understanding a hidden metabolic organ

Guinane, Caitriona M.; Cotter, Paul D.

doi:10.1177/1756283x13482996

Cited by 681 publications

(495 citation statements)

References 111 publications

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“…The variation in these factors for each individual may give rise to functional redundancy in gut microbiota, which results in diversity among individuals in the gut inhabitants, having the same role of keeping the normal gut functioning in each individual. Greater variations are usually encountered at deeper taxonomic levels rather than at phylum level [18]. …”

Section: The Gut Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Environmental factors such as host genetics, ageing, health, lifestyle, early colonization, use of antibiotics and diet can affect the diversity and composition of the gut microbiota [18,26]. However, the gut microbiota generally has a remarkable innate ability to resist such exposures and disturbances, a property known as resilience; therefore, the microbial community is usually drawn back to its original state before the disturbance [17,27].…”

Section: The Gut Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modulation of the gut microbiota by prebiotic fibres and bacteriocins

Umu

Rudi

Diep

2017

Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease

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The gut microbiota is considered an organ that co-develops with the host throughout its life. The composition and metabolic activities of the gut microbiota are subject to a complex interplay between the host genetics and environmental factors, such as lifestyle, diet, stress and antimicrobials. It is evident that certain prebiotics, and antimicrobials produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB), can shape the composition of the gut microbiota and its metabolic activities to promote host health and/or prevent diseases. In this review, we aim to give an overview of the impact of prebiotic fibres, and bacteriocins from LAB, on the gut microbiota and its activities, which affect the physiology and health of the host. These represent two different mechanisms in modulating the gut microbiota, the first involving exploitative competition by which the growth of beneficial bacteria is promoted and the latter involving interference competition by which the growth of pathogens and other unwanted bacteria is prevented. For interference competition in the gut, bacteriocins offer special advantages over traditional antibiotics, in that they can be designed to act towards specific unwanted bacteria and other pathogens, without any remarkable collateral effects on beneficial microbes sharing the same niche.

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Section: The Gut Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Gut Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of the gut microbiota by prebiotic fibres and bacteriocins

Umu

Rudi

Diep

2017

Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease

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“…Because previous studies revealed the close relationship between the composition of gut microbiota and metabolic diseases, inflammation, or colon cancer (18,19), we further investigated how gut microbiota have changed upon Prohep feeding during the HCC development. The taxonomy profiles at the genus level revealed that the gut bacteria community in the mice was dominated by Bacteroidetes (49% on average), Firmicutes (37% on average), and Proteobacteria (4.5% on average) (Fig.…”

Section: Probiotics Mediate the Structural And Functional Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Probiotics modulated gut microbiota suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma growth in mice

Sung

Lee

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

483

386

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The beneficial roles of probiotics in lowering the gastrointestinal inflammation and preventing colorectal cancer have been frequently demonstrated, but their immunomodulatory effects and mechanism in suppressing the growth of extraintestinal tumors remain unexplored. Here, we adopted a mouse model and metagenome sequencing to investigate the efficacy of probiotic feeding in controlling s.c. hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the underlying mechanism suppressing the tumor progression. Our result demonstrated that Prohep, a novel probiotic mixture, slows down the tumor growth significantly and reduces the tumor size and weight by 40% compared with the control. From a mechanistic point of view the down-regulated IL-17 cytokine and its major producer Th17 cells, whose levels decreased drastically, played critical roles in tumor reduction upon probiotics feeding. Cell staining illustrated that the reduced Th17 cells in the tumor of the probiotictreated group is mainly caused by the reduced frequency of migratory Th17 cells from the intestine and peripheral blood. In addition, shotgun-metagenome sequencing revealed the crosstalk between gut microbial metabolites and the HCC development. Probiotics shifted the gut microbial community toward certain beneficial bacteria, including Prevotella and Oscillibacter, that are known producers of antiinflammatory metabolites, which subsequently reduced the Th17 polarization and promoted the differentiation of antiinflammatory Treg/Tr1 cells in the gut. Overall, our study offers novel insights into the mechanism by which probiotic treatment modulates the microbiota and influences the regulation of the T-cell differentiation in the gut, which in turn alters the level of the proinflammatory cytokines in the extraintestinal tumor microenvironment.H epatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers, the sixth most common neoplasm, and the second most deadly type of cancer worldwide (1). The traditional HCC treatment, including surgical treatment, local ablation therapy, and chemotherapy, could offer potential cure, yet patients are facing many limitations including the poor hepatic reserve. HCC is clearly a disease for which alternative therapeutic strategies must be developed. A better understanding of the interactions between cancer cells and stromal components in the tumorassociated proinflammatory microenvironment would be important for the management of this disease.The tumor microenvironment is infiltrated with various immune cells such as T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer (NK) cells, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Inflammation is known to play a pivotal role in tumor development by escalating tumor angiogenesis and cell growth. Once a solid tumor is formed, inflammation arises in the tumor-promoting direction. At the same time, new vasculature is needed in the tumor to provide nutrients and oxygen to support the growth of cancer cells, and this process plays a critical role in HCC, a highly vascularized tumor (2). Inflammation and angiogene...

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“…As a consequence of the controversial and unresolved role of Blastocystis in human intestinal disease and the increased awareness of the importance of the gut microbiome (and specific components of the gut microbiome) in human health and disease, research into Blastocystis has increased greatly in recent years (Andersen and Stensvold, 2015;Guinane and Cotter, 2013;Roberts et al, 2014;Scanlan, 2012;Scanlan and Stensvold, 2013;Sekirov et al, 2010). Although the application of sensitive molecular PCR based techniques has faciltated a better appreciation of the prevalence of Blastocystis in human populations, there remains a lack of reliable epidemiological data on the prevalence and genetic diversity of Blastocystis from many regions of the world including the United States.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%