Role of the Gut Microbiome in Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases Including Restoration and Targeting Approaches- A Review

Abstract

Metabolic diseases including cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and diabetes have evolved as the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Gut microbiota appears to play a vital role in human disease and health, according to recent scientific reports. The gut microbiota plays an important role in sustaining host physiology and homeostasis by creating a cross-talk between the host and microbiome via metabolites obtained from the host's diet. Drug developers and clinicians rely heavily on therapies that target the microbiota in the management of metabolic diseases and the gut microbiota is considered the biggest immune organ in the human body. They are highly associated with intestinal immunity and systemic metabolic disorders like CVD and diabetes and are reflected as potential therapeutic targets for the management of metabolic diseases. This review discusses the mechanism and interrelation between the gut microbiome and metabolic disorders. It also highlights the role of the gut microbiome and microbially derived metabolites in the pathophysiological effects related to CVD and diabetes. It also spotlights the reasons that lead to alterations of microbiota composition and prominence of gut microbiota restoration and targeting approaches as effective treatment strategies in diabetes and CVD. Future research should focus on the understanding of the functional level of some specific microbial pathways that helps to maintain physiological homeostasis, multi-omics, and also in the development of novel therapeutic strategies that intervene with the gut microbiome for the prevention of CVD and diabetes that contribute to a patient's well-being.

Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Supplementation with Standardized Terminalia chebula Fruit Extracts Reduces Facial Sebum Excretion, Erythema, and Wrinkle Severity

“…There is growing interest in the role of the microbiome in relation to gut health. Improvement of the gut microbiome has been associated with impact on the local gut epithelial cells [ 6 ], the immune system [ 7 ], and chronic metabolic and skin diseases [ 8 , 9 , 10 ]. Support of the gut through supplementation has been associated with improvement of the gut microbial diversity and increase in the production of short chain fatty acids [ 11 , 12 ].…”