Role of the Golgi Apparatus in the Blood-Brain Barrier: Golgi Protection May Be a Targeted Therapy for Neurological Diseases

Abstract

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) protects the brain from toxic material in the blood, provides nutrients for brain tissues, and screens harmful substances from the brain. The specific brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs), tight junction between endothelial cells, and astrocytes ensure proper function of the central nervous system (CNS). Pathological factors disrupt the integrity of the BBB by destroying the normal function of endothelial cells and decreasing the production of tight junction proteins or the expression of proteins specifically localized on astrocytes. Interestingly, fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus is observed in neurological diseases and is involved in the destruction of the BBB function. The Golgi acts as a processing center in which proteins are transported after being processed in the endoplasmic reticulum. Besides reprocessing, classifying, and packaging proteins, the Golgi apparatus (GA) also acts as a signaling platform and calcium pool. In this review, we summarized the current literature on the potential relationship between the Golgi and endothelial cells, tight junction, and astrocytes. The normal function of the BBB is maintained as long as the normal function and morphology of the GA are not disturbed. Furthermore, we speculate that protecting the Golgi may be a novel therapeutic approach to protect the BBB and treat neurological diseases due to BBB dysfunction.

Subcellular localization of sterol biosynthesis enzymes

“…Golgi is a place where proteins undergo extensive post-translational modification, such as addition of carbohydrates (Deng et al 2018). To test the localization of the three recombinant proteins of interest, we analyzed their expression in Golgi apparatus, using antibody staining for receptor binding cancer antigen expressed on Siso cells (RCAS1), a transmembrane Golgi resident protein (Figure 3).…”

Changes in the Blood-Brain Barrier Function Are Associated With Hippocampal Neuron Death in a Kainic Acid Mouse Model of Epilepsy

“…The Blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a diffusion barrier, composed of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVEC), basement membrane system, astrocytes and pericytes, which plays an important role for maintaining homeostasis of the central nervous system ( 15 , 16 ). BMVECs are an important morphological basis of the BBB ( 17 ) and the structural and functional integrity of these cells are essential for maintaining the function of the BBB via the production of inflammatory mediators, nutrition delivery, maintenance of ionic balance, stimulation of thrombosis, and clotting ( 18 ). In addition, the activity of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1), which is a member of the immunoglobulin family of cell adhesion molecules, is mediated by neutrophils and vascular endothelial cells ( 19 ).…”

X‐box binding protein l splicing attenuates brain microvascular endothelial cell damage induced by oxygen‐glucose deprivation through the activation of phosphoinositide 3‐kinase/protein kinase B, extracellular signal‐regulated kinases, and hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α/vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathways

“…Ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke. Cerebral ischemia results in vascular network structure damage, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, and ischemic neuronal necrosis, aggravating neurological injury (Deng et al, 2017;Rossini, Calautti, Pauri, & Baron, 2003). After a stroke, the reduction of tissue oxygen tension in the ischemic area often leads to compensatory neovascularization to meet the metabolic demand (Thored et al, 2007).…”