Role of the Eosinophil

Beeson, Paul B.

doi:10.1002/9780470720288.ch10

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…In the present study, circulating eosinophils started decreasing during transport, reaching the minimum level at 4 hr after the end of the journey; they returned to the baseline level a day later. Eosinopenia is known to be induced by physical and emotional stress, which is thought to be attributed to elevated levels of plasma epinephrine and cortisol [4]. Continuous release of corticosteroids or prolonged steroid therapy decreases eosinophil production.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Road Transportation Stress Promptly Increases Bovine Peripheral Blood Absolute NK Cell Counts and Cortisol Levels

Ishizaki

Kariya²

2010

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. Livestock transportation effects on the number of circulating leukocytes have been reported. However, data related specifically to the relation between acute stress levels during transport and leukocyte differentiation, including lymphocyte subsets, are lacking. This study was undertaken to evaluate the distribution of peripheral blood leukocyte differential counts, CD25+ lymphocytes and NK cells in calves subjected to truck transportation on different road types. Healthy Japanese Black calves were divided into three treatments: 1) those moved around in a mountainous area (Group M); 2) those moved around on flatland (Group F); and 3) those that were not transported (control). The plasma cortisol levels in Group M increased during transport. The increase was significantly higher at the end of transport than in the controls (P<0.05); a slight increase was noted in Group F. Total leukocytes and the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in Group M were elevated with neutrophilia at 2 hr post-transport (P<0.05); the former levels remained higher than those in the controls for 4 hr. The numbers of lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and CD25 + lymphocytes remained unchanged throughout the observations. The number of circulating NK cells in Group M increased during transport and peaked shortly after transport (P<0.05). Subsequent to these time points, the counts in Group F showed a trend toward elevation. The circulating NK cell counts were positively correlated with the plasma cortisol level during transport (M, r=0.755, P<0.0005; F, r=0.653; P<0.005). These results suggest that circulating NK cells might be more rapidly mobilized than other leukocytes. Therefore, they might reflect acute stress levels in calves during road transportation.KEY WORDS: calves, cortisol, NK cell, stress, truck transport.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 72(6): 747-753, 2010 Livestock transportation is an acute physical stressor provoking an associated psychological response that is harmful whether viewed from either an animal welfare or economic perspective [38]. This stressor stimulates remarkable activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, dramatically increasing the levels of glucocorticoids [9,15,40]. It has also been found that most physical stressors induce activation of the sympathetic nervous system and catecholamines that influence the immune system [14,32]. Consequently, these hormones are regarded as useful biomarkers in veterinary animals. Their stress-associated increases are generally viewed as responsible for immune depression. Furthermore, the elevation of glucocorticoids during the stress response engenders a complex of severe infectious respiratory diseases in cattle, presumably because of the altered immune function following transport [7,26].The finding that lymphocytes contain measurable concentrations of glucocorticoid and adrenergic receptors [1,29] that are down-regulated in response to stress [28] suggests that alteration of the lymphoid compartment might play a major role in the immune system's response to...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Road Transportation Stress Promptly Increases Bovine Peripheral Blood Absolute NK Cell Counts and Cortisol Levels

Ishizaki

Kariya²

2010

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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“…A summary of a patient with absence of eosinophils is presented by Bass and Beeson in their 1977 book on the eosinophil, and the information was given by Dr. Patricia Charache of the Johns Hopkins Hospital . The patient was a 42‐year‐old woman with complete absence of eosinophils in blood and bone marrow despite repeated examinations.…”

Section: Eosinophil Deficiency In Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The consequences of not having eosinophils

Gleich

Klion

Lee

et al. 2013

Allergy

117

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Several lines of evidence suggest that deficiency of eosinophils is not associated with any characteristic abnormality. Patients lacking eosinophils, in the setting of immunodeficiency or as a consequence of IgG-mediated eosinophil precursor destruction, do not display any distinguishing abnormalities related to eosinophil reduction. The observation that eosinophil-deficient mice do not display any distinctive syndrome or failure of their health is evidence that, under ordinary laboratory conditions, the eosinophil does not play a critical role in the well-being of mammals. Observations that monoclonal antibodies to interleukin-5 (IL-5) are well tolerated appear unsurprising in light of these findings. For example, patients with the hypereosinophilic syndrome have received mepolizumab, an anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibody, for as long as 6 years and have not developed any characteristic set of adverse events. Safety data for reslizumab, another anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibody, and benralizumab, a monoclonal antibody to the IL-5 receptor α-chain, are comparatively limited, especially for benralizumab, although reports of administration of these antibodies to humans suggest that they are well tolerated. Thus, data to the present suggest that reduction of eosinophils appears to have no characteristic ill effects on normal health, and monoclonal antibodies that deplete eosinophils have the potential to be widely employed in the treatment of eosinophil-associated diseases.

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“…In support of this antibacterial role for eosinophils, in vivo studies using the mouse bacterial intestinal infection model cecal ligation puncture in mice with high levels of eosinophilia (IL‐5 transgenic) found significant improvement in survival and significant reduction in circulating bacterial burden. Although these studies call attention to the beneficial role of eosinophils in fighting bacterial infections, early reports suggested a reduction in circulating eosinophils during the acute phase in bacterial infections in patients (94). It, however, remains possible that eosinophils have been recruited to the tissue site of infection and may not be detectable in the circulation.…”

Section: What Are the Functional Roles Of Eosinophils?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Eosinophils in Inflammatory Bowel and Gastrointestinal Diseases

Woodruff

Masterson

Fillon

et al. 2011

J. pediatr. gastroenterol. nutr.

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Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are characterized by the invasion of leukocytes into the intestinal mucosa. However, a mixed inflammatory picture is observed that includes neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils. To this day, the role of eosinophils in health and in disease remains unclear. Investigations into their function stem primarily from allergic diseases, asthma, and parasitic infections. This makes it even more difficult to discern a role for the fascinating eosinophil in IBDs because, unlike the lung or the skin, eosinophils reside in normal intestinal mucosa and increase in disease states; consequently, an intricate system must regulate their migration and numbers. These granulocytes are equipped with the machinery to participate in gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation and in the susceptible microenvironment, they may initiate or perpetuate an inflammatory response. A significant body of literature characterizes eosinophils present in the GI microenvironment where they have the potential to interact with other resident cells, thus promoting intestinal remodeling, mucus production, epithelial barrier, cytokine production, angiogenesis, and neuropeptide release. A number of lines of evidence support both potential beneficial and deleterious roles of eosinophils in the gut. Although studies from the gut and other mucosal organs suggest eosinophils affect mucosal GI inflammation, definitive roles for eosinophils in IBDs await discovery.

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Role of the Eosinophil

Cited by 3 publications

References 62 publications

Road Transportation Stress Promptly Increases Bovine Peripheral Blood Absolute NK Cell Counts and Cortisol Levels

Road Transportation Stress Promptly Increases Bovine Peripheral Blood Absolute NK Cell Counts and Cortisol Levels

The consequences of not having eosinophils

Role of Eosinophils in Inflammatory Bowel and Gastrointestinal Diseases

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