Role of the endothelial cell in osteoclast control: New perspectives

Zaidi, Mone; Alam, A. S. M. Towhidul; Bax, Bridget E.; Shankar, Vijai S.; Bax, Christopher M.R.; Gill, Jasvinder; Pazianas, Michael; Huang, Christopher L.‐H.; Sahinoglu, T.; Moonga, Baljit S.; Stevens, CR; Blake, David R.

doi:10.1016/8756-3282(93)90234-2

Cited by 76 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…In order to access bone nutrients, female Osedax must first dissolve the inorganic bone matrix, which largely consists of calcium phosphate in the form of hydroxyapatite [7]. Other invertebrate animals bore into calcium carbonate structures using a combination of chemical and mechanical methods; for example, some sponges excavate into corals by secreting acid or enzymes followed by removal of etched chips of calcium carbonate [8,9]; some snails drill through shells of prey gastropods, bivalves or barnacles using a combination of acid/ enzymes and radulae action [10,11]; and a range of polychaetes secrete calcium-chelating mucus containing acidic mucopolysaccharides to burrow into lime rocks, aided by removal of loosened sediments by chaetae [12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How to get into bones: proton pump and carbonic anhydrase inOsedaxboneworms

2013

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Osedax are gutless siboglinid worms that thrive on vertebrate bones lying on the ocean floor, mainly those of whales. The posterior body of female Osedax penetrates into the bone forming extensions known as 'roots', which host heterotrophic symbiotic bacteria in bacteriocytes beneath the epidermis. The Osedax root epithelium presumably absorbs bone collagen and/or lipids, which are metabolized by the symbiotic bacteria that in turn serve for Osedax's nutrition. Here, we show that Osedax roots express extremely high amounts of vacuolar-H þ -ATPase (VHA), which is located in the apical membrane and in cytoplasmic vesicles of root and ovisac epithelial cells. The enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA), which catalyses the hydration of CO 2 into H þ and HCO 3 2 , is also expressed in roots and throughoutOsedax body. These results suggest Osedax roots have massive acid-secreting capacity via VHA, fuelled by H þ derived from the CA-catalysed hydration of CO 2 produced by aerobic metabolism. We propose the secreted acid dissolves the bone carbonate matrix to then allow the absorption of bonederived nutrients across the skin. In an exciting example of convergent evolution, this model for acid secretion is remarkably similar to mammalian osteoclast cells. However, while osteoclasts dissolve bone for repairing and remodelling, the Osedax root epithelium secretes acid to dissolve foreign bone to access nutrients.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How to get into bones: proton pump and carbonic anhydrase inOsedaxboneworms

2013

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“…(3,4) Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are one of such critical factor. (5) In bone loss-related diseases, ROS-induced oxidative stress can stimulate expression of key osteoclastogenic factors such as the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand to regulate osteoblast activities. (6) Nitric oxide (NO), one of the ROS, has biphasic effects on osteoblast metabolism.…”

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confidence: 99%

GATA-3 transduces survival signals in osteoblasts through upregulation of bcl-x L gene expression

Chen

Lin

Chou

2010

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research

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GATA-3, a transcription factor, participates in regulating cell development, proliferation, and death. This study was aimed at evaluating the roles of GATA-3 in protecting osteoblasts against oxidative stress-induced apoptotic insults and their possible mechanisms. Pretreatment with nitric oxide (NO) for 24 hours protected osteoblasts, prepared from neonatal rat calvaria, against oxidative stressinduced apoptotic insults. Such protection involved enhancement of Bcl-X L messenger (m)RNA and protein syntheses and the translocation of this antiapoptotic protein from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. GATA-3 was detected in rat osteoblasts, and GATA-3-specific DNA-binding elements exist in the promoter region of the bcl-x L gene. NO preconditioning attenuated oxidative stress-caused suppression of GATA-3 mRNA and protein synthesis and the translocation of this transcription factor from the cytoplasm to nuclei. Application of GATA-3 small interfering (si)RNA into osteoblasts decreased the levels of this transcription factor and simultaneously inhibited Bcl-X L mRNA synthesis. Pretreatment with NO lowered the oxidative stress-caused alteration in the binding of GATA-3 to its specific DNA motifs. Oxidative stress-inhibited Runx2 mRNA expression, but NO preconditioning decreased such inhibition. NO pretreatment time-dependently enhanced the association of GATA-3 with Runx2. Knocking down the translation of GATA-3 using RNA interference significantly decreased the protection of NO preconditioning against oxidative stress-induced alterations of cell morphologies, DNA fragmentation, and cell apoptosis. In comparison, overexpression of GATA-3 could promote NO preconditioning-involved Bcl-X L expression and cell survival. Therefore, this study shows that GATA-3 plays critical roles in mediating survival signals in osteoblasts, possibly through upregulating bcl-x L gene expression. ß

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“…Endothelial cells are members of a complex regulation network in bone and are believed to regulate bone physiological functions by producing soluble factors or by mediating cell ± cell adhesion (Zaidi et al, 1993;Collin-Osdoby, 1994;Formigli et al, 1995). Several investigators have suggested that endothelial cells contribute to both bone-formative and bone-resorptive processes (Guenther et al, 1986;Villanueva and Nimni, 1990;Alam et al, 1992;Zaidi et al, 1993;Collin-Osdoby, 1994).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several investigators have suggested that endothelial cells contribute to both bone-formative and bone-resorptive processes (Guenther et al, 1986;Villanueva and Nimni, 1990;Alam et al, 1992;Zaidi et al, 1993;Collin-Osdoby, 1994). Histological studies have underscored the importance of endothelial cells in bone remodeling (Ja e, 1930;Trueta, 1963;Soskolne, 1979;Dickson et al, 1987Dickson et al, , 1990.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Histological studies have underscored the importance of endothelial cells in bone remodeling (Ja e, 1930;Trueta, 1963;Soskolne, 1979;Dickson et al, 1987Dickson et al, , 1990. In regard to the soluble factors, endothelial cells are known to produce many mediators (e.g., IL-1, IL-6, FGFs, CSFs and nitric oxide) either constitutively or in response to stimuli (Zaidi et al, 1993;Collin-Osdoby, 1994). These factors have also been reported to modulate the activities of osteoblasts and osteoclasts (Roodman, 1993).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Production of interleukin-11 in bone-derived endothelial cells and its role in the formation of osteolytic bone metastasis

et al. 1998

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The interactions of the cells in the bone microenvironment play important roles in bone remodeling. Osteoblasts are involved in the bone remodeling through the production of soluble factors that regulate proliferation and di erentiation of osteoclasts and through cell ± cell interactions. Histological studies have suggested that endothelial cells are also associated with some osteolytic bone diseases. However, it is still unclear how endothelial cells contribute to bone resorption. We established bone-derived endothelial cells (BDECs) to study their roles in bone remodeling. The established BDECs promoted bone resorption in a murine neonatal calvaria organ culture system by secreting a soluble bone resorption-inducing factor(s) when stimulated by several in¯ammatory cytokines. This bone resorptioninducing factor was identi®ed as interleukin-11 (IL-11). IL-11 is known to enhance bone resorption by promoting osteoclastogenesis and by suppressing the activity of osteoblasts. The production of IL-11 in BDECs was also promoted by conditioned medium of human melanoma A375M cells. Because A375M cells formed osteolytic bone metastasis in vivo, BDECs might be involved in pathological osteolysis by producing IL-11. These results suggest that endothelial cells in bone play important roles in the promotion of bone resorption by secreting IL-11 in physiological and pathological conditions.

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Role of the endothelial cell in osteoclast control: New perspectives

Cited by 76 publications

References 47 publications

How to get into bones: proton pump and carbonic anhydrase inOsedaxboneworms

How to get into bones: proton pump and carbonic anhydrase inOsedaxboneworms

GATA-3 transduces survival signals in osteoblasts through upregulation of bcl-x L gene expression

Production of interleukin-11 in bone-derived endothelial cells and its role in the formation of osteolytic bone metastasis

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