Role of the Basal Ganglia in the Control  of Purposive Saccadic Eye Movements

Hikosaka, Okihide; Takikawa, Yoriko; Kawagoe, Reiko

doi:10.1152/physrev.2000.80.3.953

Cited by 1,105 publications

(986 citation statements)

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“…Whether the locomotion is either volitional or emotional, it is accompanied by movement processes that are automatically controlled by the brainstem and spinal cord. The automatic processes include activation of sequences of basic motor programs that are designed for the basic motor repertoires such as eye movements, swallowing, locomotion and posture (Hikosaka et al, 2000). The basic neuronal structures for locomotion are located in the mesopontine tegmentum.…”

Section: Introduction: Framework Of Locomotor Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Forebrain control of locomotor behaviors

Takakusaki

2008

Brain Research Reviews

131

120

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Activation of different areas in the forebrain evokes different types of goal directed adaptive behaviors. An important component of these different patterns of behavior is the locomotion that brings the animal to or away from a particular location.Here I review the role of projections from forebrain structures to the mesopontine tegmentum of the brainstem where neural mechanisms for initiation of locomotion and regulation of postural muscle tone are located that are activated during locomotor behavior. It is interesting is to understand how signals that converge from the forebrain structures to the mesopontine tegmentum control locomotor behavior, because the mesopontine tegmentum receives inhibitory efferents from the basal ganglia and excitatory efferents from the limbic-hypothalamic system and the neocortex. Here I hypothesize that the mesopontine tegmentum has functional gating mechanisms that determine whether the subject will initiate and select volitionally-guided or emotionally-triggered locomotor behaviors, depending on the behavioral context.

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Section: Introduction: Framework Of Locomotor Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Forebrain control of locomotor behaviors

Takakusaki

2008

Brain Research Reviews

131

120

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“…Saccadic eye movements have quite frequently been investigated as a potential biomarker of PD since they have a highly reproducible trajectory (Roy-Byrne et al 1995), and there is evidence that they might be affected by cognitive decline, depression or other aspects of the disease (Leigh and Kennard 2004;Mosimann et al 2005;Briand et al 1999;Hikosaka et al 2000). However, these studies are not easy to compare given the different target populations (early or advanced disease, medication effects), testing paradigms used (gap or overlap of stimuli, 'reflexive' or 'voluntary' task) and parameters of the saccade measured (velocity, amplitude, duration, errors).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Saccadic latency distributions in Parkinson’s disease and the effects of l-dopa

Michell

Fritz

et al. 2006

Exp Brain Res

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Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with a loss of central dopaminergic pathways in the brain leading to an abnormality of movement, including saccades. In PD, analysis of saccadic latency distributions, rather than mean latencies, can provide much more information about how the neural decision process that precedes movement is affected by disease or medication. Subject to the constraints of intersubject variation and reproducibility, latency distribution may represent an attractive potential biomarker of PD. Here we report two studies that provide information about these parameters, and demonstrate a novel effect of dopamine on saccadic latency, implying that it influences the neural decision process itself. We performed a detailed cross-sectional study of saccadic latency distributions during a simple step task in 22 medicated patients and 27 agematched controls. This revealed high intersubject variability and an overlap of PD and control distributions. A second study was undertaken on a different population specifically to investigate the effects of dopamine on saccadic latency distributions in 15 PD patients. L-dopa was found to prolong latency, although the magnitude of the effect varied between subjects. The implications of these observations for the use of saccadic latency distributions as a potential biomarker of PD are discussed, as are the effects of L-dopa on neural decision making, where it is postulated to increase the criterion level of evidence required before the decision to move is made.

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“…As part of the basal ganglia, the caudate is thought to play a role in the control of movement and, in particular, appears to be involved in the generation of saccadic eye movements [5]. It is also one of several structures in the brain, along with other parts of the basal ganglia and several areas of cortex, that represent the anticipated availability or magnitude of a reward provided in the context of a behavioral task [3].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Linking reward expectation to behavior in the basal ganglia

Gold

2003

Trends in Neurosciences

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Psychological factors such as expected reward value can have strong effects on behavior. Although signals related to reward have been found in numerous brain regions, how these signals are used by the circuits that control action is unknown. A recent study suggests that neurons in the caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia could play a role in transforming expected reward into a spatially selective behavioral bias.Poor Paris was asked to make a decision that even Zeus had avoided. Who was the most beautiful goddess: Hera, Athena or Aphrodite? Fearful and uncertain about how his decision would be received by the losers, he triedtactfully but unsuccessfully -to declare a three-way tie. Told to make a decision, Paris received assurances that there would be no reprisals and, even better, was offered rewards by the goddesses to try to influence him. Hera promised that if he picked her, he would become the King of Asia, as well as the richest man alive. Athena promised that Paris would be victorious in all battles, and that he would become the most handsome and wise man in the world. Aphrodite offered, simply, the beautiful Helen of Troy. It was no contest: Aphrodite's reward easily biased Paris' decision in her favor.The fact that 'psychological' factors, including uncertainty and anticipated costs and benefits, biased the judgment of Paris and can affect similarly subjective decisions is to be expected. Perhaps more surprising is that these factors can also shape our ability to perform even mundane sensory-motor tasks, influencing how well and how quickly we perceive sensory stimuli and execute appropriate motor commands [1,2]. However, as central as these influences are to both complex and simple behaviors, little is known about the underlying neural mechanisms. For example, despite a growing body of work identifying neural circuits that represent information related to reward in the context of sensory -motor tasks [3], how these kinds of signals might influence behavior is a mystery. A recent study by Lauwereyns and colleagues has begun to shed light on this difficult issue [4]. The results describe neural signals in a region of the basal ganglia called the caudate nucleus that appear to relate anticipation of an uncertain reward with the preparation for a goal-directed eye movement.Caudate responses correspond to an advance bias In their study, Lauwereyns and colleagues trained monkeys to perform a 'biased saccade task' (BST). On a given trial, the monkey fixated a central spot of light until a target (another spot of light) appeared to the left or to the right. Once the target appeared, the monkey made a saccadic eye movement to it as quickly as possible. Then came the crucial feature of the task: after correctly making the saccade, the monkey was rewarded (with a sound plus a drop of liquid) only if the target was in one of the two possible locations. The rewarded location was fixed in blocks of 20 consecutive trials, such that only correct leftward saccades were rewarded in one block, only correct rightward sacc...

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Role of the Basal Ganglia in the Control of Purposive Saccadic Eye Movements

Cited by 1,105 publications

References 303 publications

Forebrain control of locomotor behaviors

Forebrain control of locomotor behaviors

Saccadic latency distributions in Parkinson’s disease and the effects of l-dopa

Linking reward expectation to behavior in the basal ganglia

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