Role of the Anti-Sigma Factor SpoIIAB in Regulation of σ
            <sup>G</sup>
            during
            <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>
            Sporulation

Serrano, Mònica; Neves, Alexandre; Soares, Cláudio M.; Moran, Charles P.; Henriques, Adriano O.

doi:10.1128/jb.186.12.4000-4013.2004

Cited by 31 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Once translated, G is held inactive by an unknown factor, which was initially thought to be SpoIIAB, with SpoIIAA releasing it from inhibition in a manner analogous to the posttranslational control of F (27,106). However, another study showed that the actions of SpoIIIA were sufficient to release G from the inhibitory action of the unknown factor through a pathway that was facilitated by SpoIIIJ (27,107).…”

Section: E the First Mother Cell-specific Sigma Factor Is Involvedmentioning

confidence: 97%

The Clostridium Sporulation Programs: Diversity and Preservation of Endospore Differentiation

Al-Hinai

Jones

Papoutsakis

2015

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

156

190

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SUMMARY Bacillus and Clostridium organisms initiate the sporulation process when unfavorable conditions are detected. The sporulation process is a carefully orchestrated cascade of events at both the transcriptional and posttranslational levels involving a multitude of sigma factors, transcription factors, proteases, and phosphatases. Like Bacillus genomes, sequenced Clostridium genomes contain genes for all major sporulation-specific transcription and sigma factors ( spo0A , sigH , sigF , sigE , sigG , and sigK ) that orchestrate the sporulation program. However, recent studies have shown that there are substantial differences in the sporulation programs between the two genera as well as among different Clostridium species. First, in the absence of a Bacillus -like phosphorelay system, activation of Spo0A in Clostridium organisms is carried out by a number of orphan histidine kinases. Second, downstream of Spo0A, the transcriptional and posttranslational regulation of the canonical set of four sporulation-specific sigma factors (σ F , σ E , σ G , and σ K ) display different patterns, not only compared to Bacillus but also among Clostridium organisms. Finally, recent studies demonstrated that σ K , the last sigma factor to be activated according to the Bacillus subtilis model, is involved in the very early stages of sporulation in Clostridium acetobutylicum , C. perfringens , and C. botulinum as well as in the very late stages of spore maturation in C. acetobutylicum . Despite profound differences in initiation, propagation, and orchestration of expression of spore morphogenetic components, these findings demonstrate not only the robustness of the endospore sporulation program but also the plasticity of the program to generate different complex phenotypes, some apparently regulated at the epigenetic level.

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Section: E the First Mother Cell-specific Sigma Factor Is Involvedmentioning

confidence: 97%

The Clostridium Sporulation Programs: Diversity and Preservation of Endospore Differentiation

Al-Hinai

Jones

Papoutsakis

2015

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

156

190

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“…Samples (0?5 ml) of cells in resuspension medium were collected throughout sporulation, and resuspended in the same volume of PBS supplemented with 10 mg ml 21 49,69-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). Microscope slides were prepared as described previously (Serrano et al, 2004). Images were acquired using a cooled charge couple device (Cooke) on a multi-wavelength wide-field three-dimensional microscopy system (636/1?4 OIL Plan Apochromat objective, Zeiss 100M, Intelligent Imaging Innovation).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome-wide analysis of temporally regulated and compartment-specific gene expression in sporulating cells of Bacillus subtilis

et al. 2005

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Temporal and compartment-specific control of gene expression during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis is governed by a cascade of four RNA polymerase subunits. s F in the prespore and s E in the mother cell control early stages of development, and are replaced at later stages by s G and s K , respectively. Ultimately, a comprehensive description of the molecular mechanisms underlying spore morphogenesis requires the knowledge of all the intervening genes and their assignment to specific regulons. Here, in an extension of earlier work, DNA macroarrays have been used, and members of the four compartment-specific sporulation regulons have been identified. Genes were identified and grouped based on: i) their temporal expression profile and ii) the use of mutants for each of the four sigma factors and a bofA allele, which allows s K activation in the absence of s G . As a further test, artificial production of active alleles of the sigma factors in non-sporulating cells was employed. A total of 439 genes were found, including previously characterized genes whose transcription is induced during sporulation: 55 in the s F regulon, 154 s E -governed genes, 113 s G -dependent genes, and 132 genes under s K control. The results strengthen the view that the activities of s F , s E , s G and s K are largely compartmentalized, both temporally as well as spatially, and that the major vegetative sigma factor (s A ) is active throughout sporulation. The results provide a dynamic picture of the changes in the overall pattern of gene expression in the two compartments of the sporulating cell, and offer insight into the roles of the prespore and the mother cell at different times of spore morphogenesis.

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“…Activation also requires completion of engulfment of the prespore by the mother cell (33). SpoIIAB can act as an anti-for G as well as for F (5,15,30) but is now thought not to be a regulator of G activity in the prespore (32).…”

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confidence: 99%

Control of the Expression and Compartmentalization of σ ^G Activity during Sporulation of Bacillus subtilis by Regulators of σ ^F and σ ^E

et al. 2005

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During formation of spores by Bacillus subtilis the RNA polymerase factor G ordinarily becomes active during spore formation exclusively in the prespore upon completion of engulfment of the prespore by the mother cell. Formation and activation of G ordinarily requires prior activity of F in the prespore and E in the mother cell. Here we report that in spoIIA mutants lacking both F and the anti-sigma factor SpoIIAB and in which E is not active, G nevertheless becomes active. Further, its activity is largely confined to the mother cell. Thus, there is a switch in the location of G activity from prespore to mother cell. Factors contributing to the mother cell location are inferred to be read-through of spoIIIG, the structural gene for G , from the upstream spoIIG locus and the absence of SpoIIAB, which can act in the mother cell as an anti-sigma factor to G . When the spoIIIG locus was moved away from spoIIG to the distal amyE locus, G became active earlier in sporulation in spoIIA deletion mutants, and the sporulation septum was not formed, suggesting that premature G activation can block septum formation. We report a previously unrecognized control in which SpoIIGA can prevent the appearance of G activity, and pro-E (but not E ) can counteract this effect of SpoIIGA. We find that in strains lacking F and SpoIIAB and engineered to produce active E in the mother cell without the need for SpoIIGA, G also becomes active in the mother cell.Central to cell differentiation is the establishment of distinct programs of gene expression in the different cell types involved. These programs determine the subsequent path of differentiation. Among prokaryotes, formation of spores by Bacillus subtilis has become a paradigm for the analysis of cell differentiation. Soon after the start of spore formation, bacteria divide asymmetrically to give the smaller prespore (also called the forespore) and the larger mother cell. The prespore is then engulfed by the mother cell. The prespore develops into the mature spore, whereas the mother cell ultimately lyses. The process of spore formation is characterized by the cell-specific activation of four RNA polymerase factors. Immediately after the completion of the spore division septum,

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Role of the Anti-Sigma Factor SpoIIAB in Regulation of σ ^G during Bacillus subtilis Sporulation

Cited by 31 publications

References 51 publications

The Clostridium Sporulation Programs: Diversity and Preservation of Endospore Differentiation

The Clostridium Sporulation Programs: Diversity and Preservation of Endospore Differentiation

Genome-wide analysis of temporally regulated and compartment-specific gene expression in sporulating cells of Bacillus subtilis

Control of the Expression and Compartmentalization of σ ^G Activity during Sporulation of Bacillus subtilis by Regulators of σ ^F and σ ^E

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Role of the Anti-Sigma Factor SpoIIAB in Regulation of σ G during Bacillus subtilis Sporulation

Cited by 31 publications

References 51 publications

The Clostridium Sporulation Programs: Diversity and Preservation of Endospore Differentiation

The Clostridium Sporulation Programs: Diversity and Preservation of Endospore Differentiation

Genome-wide analysis of temporally regulated and compartment-specific gene expression in sporulating cells of Bacillus subtilis

Control of the Expression and Compartmentalization of σ G Activity during Sporulation of Bacillus subtilis by Regulators of σ F and σ E

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Role of the Anti-Sigma Factor SpoIIAB in Regulation of σ ^G during Bacillus subtilis Sporulation

Control of the Expression and Compartmentalization of σ ^G Activity during Sporulation of Bacillus subtilis by Regulators of σ ^F and σ ^E