Role of the Accessory Optic System in the Optokinetic Nystagmus of the Frog

Lázár, Gyula

doi:10.1159/000123761

Cited by 112 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(11 reference statements)

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“…Sessions were videotaped and analyzed for head and body movements toward the prey items as described previously (Beazley et al, 2003). In addition, optokinetic horizontal head nystagmus (Lázár, 1973; Lázár and Toth, 1983; Fite, 1985) was tested to rotating vertical black and white stripes subtending 1°, 7°, or 14° of visual angle (Dunlop, 2003); the drum was rotated alternately in a clockwise or anticlockwise direction, thus stimulating each eye in turn. C. oblonga were supported in a hessian sling so that their heads were located at the center of the drum.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Failure to restore vision after optic nerve regeneration in reptiles: Interspecies variation in response to axotomy

Dunlop

Tee

Stirling

et al. 2004

J of Comparative Neurology

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Optic nerve regeneration within the reptiles is variable. In a snake, Viper aspis, and the lizard Gallotia galloti, regeneration is slow, although some retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons eventually reach the visual centers (Rio et al. [1989] Brain Res 479:151-156; Lang et al. [1998] Glia 23:61-74). By contrast, in a lizard, Ctenophorus ornatus, numerous RGC axons regenerate rapidly to the visual centers, but unless animals are stimulated visually, the regenerated projection lacks topography and animals remain blind via the experimental eye (Beazley et al. [2003] J. Neurotrauma 20:1263-1269). V. aspis, G. galloti, and C. ornatus belong respectively to the Serpentes, Lacertidae, and Agamidae within the Eureptilia, the major modern group of living reptiles comprising the Squamata (snakes, lizards, and geckos) and the Crocodyllia. Here we have extended the findings on Eureptilia to include two geckos (Gekkonidae), Cehyra variegata and Nephrurus stellatus. We also examined a turtle, Chelodina oblonga, the Testudines being the sole surviving representatives of the Parareptilia, the more ancient reptilian group. In all three species, visually elicited behavioral responses were absent throughout regeneration, a result supported electrophysiologically; axonal tracing revealed that only a small proportion of RGC axons crossed the lesion and none entered the contralateral optic tract. RGC axons failed to reach the chiasm in C. oblonga, and in G. variegata, and N. stellatus RGC axons entered the opposite optic nerve; a limited ipsilateral projection was seen in G. variegata. Our results support a heterogeneous response to axotomy within the reptiles, each of which is nevertheless dysfunctional.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Failure to restore vision after optic nerve regeneration in reptiles: Interspecies variation in response to axotomy

Dunlop

Tee

Stirling

et al. 2004

J of Comparative Neurology

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“…First, studies in the early 1970s revealed that visual nuclei in the accessory optic system (AOS) and pretectum were critical in this regard. In frogs, Lázár [1972] showed that lesions to the nucleus of the basal optic root (nBOR; homologous to the terminal nuclei in mammals [Simpson, 1984]) abolished optokinetic nystagmus, but lesions to the tectum had little effect [see also Springer et al, 1977]. Subsequently, in rabbits, Collewijn [1975] showed that lesions to the nucleus of the optic tract (homologous to nucleus lentiformis mesencephali in other vertebrates [Simpson, 1984]) abolished optokinetic nystagmus to largefield stimuli moving in the temporal-to-nasal direction.…”

Section: Self-produced Motionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Taxonomy of Different Forms of Visual Motion Detection and Their Underlying Neural Mechanisms

Frost

2010

Brain Behav Evol

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A simple taxonomy of different forms of visual motion is presented to show that there may be a hierarchical system of processing of visual motion in the brain, and that this is first split into self-produced motion and object motion, and then further into various forms of animate and inanimate motion patterns. Further refinement results in specific mechanisms which stem from specific demands of an animal’s life-style and ecological niche. Examples are presented of the underlying neural mechanisms for some of these different classes of visual motion processing, such as simple object motion, looming and time to collision, and stereopsis from the object motion processing subsystem. In contrast, other examples of the neural mechanisms from the self-produced motion system include simple canonical flow field analysis, translation and rotation for guiding action in 3D space, and motion parallax for depth perception. The taxonomy thus provides a framework that may guide future research on how the brain detects and processes other dynamic visual patterns.

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“…Optokinetic horizontal head nystagmus (Lá zá r, 1973;Toth, 1983, Fite, 1985) was tested to rotating vertical black and white stripes subtending 7 degrees of visual angle. After optic nerve crush, responses followed a previously described time course (Humphrey and Beazley, 1985;Dunlop et al, 2002), whereas responses were consistently absent after ligation (Humphrey et al, 1989).…”

Section: Behavioral Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Axonal sprouting in the optic nerve is not a prerequisite for successful regeneration

Dunlop

2003

J of Comparative Neurology

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Axonal sprouting, the production of axons additional to the parent one, occurs during optic nerve regeneration in goldfish and the frog Rana pipiens, with numbers of regenerate axons exceeding normal values four- to sixfold (Murray [1982] J. Comp. Neurol. 209:352-362; Stelzner and Strauss [1986] J. Comp. Neurol. 245:83-103). To determine whether axonal sprouting is a prerequisite for regeneration, the frog Litoria moorei was examined, a species that undergoes successful optic nerve regeneration but with a different time course compared with R. pipiens. Sprouting was assessed, as in goldfish and R. pipiens, from electron microscopic counts between the lesion and chiasm. However, disconnected axons that persist after axotomy would have falsely elevated the counts. The suspected overlap of these two axon populations was confirmed by labeling regenerate axons anterogradely with DiI (1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate) and disconnected ones retrogradely with DiA (4-4-dihexadecylaminostyrl 1-N methylpyridinium iodide). Numbers of disconnected axons were estimated after preventing regeneration and subtracted from numbers in regenerate nerves. Throughout, the total number of regenerate axons was approximately one third lower than normal (P < 0.05) supporting a previous finding of minimal axonal sprouting in L. moorei (Dunlop et al. [2002] J. Comp. Neurol. 446:276-287). The validity of the subtractive electron microscopic method was confirmed by retrograde labeling to estimate numbers of retinal ganglion cells whose axons had crossed the lesion; values were approximately one third lower than normal. The data suggest that sprouting is not essential for either axon outgrowth or topographic map refinement.

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Role of the Accessory Optic System in the Optokinetic Nystagmus of the Frog

Cited by 112 publications

References 9 publications

Failure to restore vision after optic nerve regeneration in reptiles: Interspecies variation in response to axotomy

Failure to restore vision after optic nerve regeneration in reptiles: Interspecies variation in response to axotomy

A Taxonomy of Different Forms of Visual Motion Detection and Their Underlying Neural Mechanisms

Axonal sprouting in the optic nerve is not a prerequisite for successful regeneration

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