Role of Systemic Inflammatory Response Markers in Urothelial Carcinoma

Abstract

Urothelial carcinoma (UC) can occur in various parts of the urinary tract and occurs in different stages and grades. The disease recurs frequently and is monitored through a series of invasive tests, such as cystoscopy or ureteroscopy, over the lifetime of an individual. Although many researchers have attempted to stratify the risks of UC, with the majority being based on cancer characteristics and host factors such as performance status, a risk classification system has yet to be fully developed. Cancer affects various parts of the body through the systemic immune response, including changes in hormones, the number and ratio of white blood cells and platelets, and C-reactive protein (CRP) or albumin levels under the influence of neuroendocrine metabolism, hematopoietic function, and protein and energy metabolism, respectively. Herein, we reviewed various systemic inflammatory response markers (SIRs) related to UC, including CRP, albumin-globulin ratio, albumin, Glasgow prognostic score (GPS), modified GPS, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, and platelet-lymphocyte ratio. Our aim was to summarize the role of various SIRs in the treatment of patients with UC.

A Low Albumin-to-Globulin Ratio Predicts a Poor Prognosis in Patients With Metastatic Non-small-cell Lung Cancer

“…Inflammation plays an important role in lung cancer and contributes to its occurrence and development (11)(12)(13). The AGR, which accounts for the values of both albumin and globulin, can be used as one of the inflammatory parameters to evaluate the systemic inflammatory status of the host (14). In addition to reflecting the nutritional status of the host, serum albumin can also be affected by inflammatory factors, which in turn reflects the level of inflammation in the body (15).…”

C-reactive protein with the survival outcomes of bladder cancer patients: a meta-analysis

“…Sui et al in their review noted that in ammatory microenvironment plays a critical role in the initiation and the progression of bladder cancer: pro-in ammatory cells (such as macrophages, suppressor cells, regulatory T cells, dendritic cells, mast cells, neutrophils and lymphocytes) and cytokines (such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukins) collectively contribute to bladder cancer formation and progression [29]. Moreover, the disease of cancer itself can initiate a series of systemic in ammatory responses which include hormonal disorder, and changes in blood indicators like CPR, under the in uence of neuroendocrine metabolism, hematopoietic function, and energy metabolism [30].…”

“…CRP level has a signi cant impact on both NMIBC and MIBC. For NMIBC patients who underwent transurethral resection (TURBT), they have a high risk to progress to MIBC after the treatment [37], and CRP seems participated in that oncologic progression [30]. Moreover, radical cystectomy (RC) is the standard treatment for MIBC, and the CRP level before the surgery was associated with the survival outcome of the patients [3].…”

Prognostic and Predictive Factors in Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Review of the Current Evidence

“…An inflammatory condition in patients with cancer has been associated with worse outcomes and a lower therapeutic response across different tumour types [ 82 ]. Inflammatory indices from peripheral blood have been investigated as potential biomarkers in different tumours, settings and therapies [ 83 , 84 , 85 ], including patients with UC treated with surgery or chemotherapy [ 64 , 86 , 87 , 88 ].…”