Role of stem cells during diabetic liver injury

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most severe endocrine metabolic disorders in the world that has serious medical consequences with substantial impacts on the quality of life. Type 2 diabetes is one of the main causes of diabetic liver diseases with the most common being non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease. Several factors that may explain the mechanisms related to pathological and functional changes of diabetic liver injury include: insulin resistance, oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress. The realization that these factors are important in hepatocyte damage and lack of donor livers has led to studies concentrating on the role of stem cells (SCs) in the prevention and treatment of liver injury. Possible avenues that the application of SCs may improve liver injury include but are not limited to: the ability to differentiate into pancreatic β‐cells (insulin producing cells), the contribution for hepatocyte regeneration, regulation of lipogenesis, glucogenesis and anti‐inflammatory actions. Once further studies are performed to explore the underlying protective mechanisms of SCs and the advantages and disadvantages of its application, there will be a greater understand of the mechanism and therapeutic potential. In this review, we summarize the findings regarding the role of SCs in diabetic liver diseases.

β‐Hydroxybutyrate exacerbates lipopolysaccharide/d‐galactosamine‐induced inflammatory response and hepatocyte apoptosis in mice

“…In clinical settings, the level of ketone bodies increases significantly under several pathological circumstance such as diabetes . Interestingly, it has been reported that diabetic patients have a higher incidence of liver disease, and the elevation of ketone bodies has been regarded as a harmful factor in diabetes‐associated liver injury . In agree with this opinion, the present study found that supplementation with BHB exacerbated LPS/ d ‐Gal‐induced liver injury.…”

Camel’s wharton jelly mesenchymal stem cell is a novel tool for regeneration of induced diabetes mellitus

“…MSCs have the ability to induce endogenous stem cells to regenerate, they promote HOCs (hepatic oval cells) which considered as facultative progenitor cells in the liver. They have the potential to trans-differentiate into fully functional mature hepatic cells [28]. MSCs have indirect mechanism in treated diabetic liver injury by reducing hyperglycemia as it directly differentiate into islet beta cells [29].…”

Diabetes Mellitus and Liver Surgery: The Effect of Diabetes on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation

“…Focusing on the issues addressed in this review (OS and inflammation), Li et al [ 133 ] and Shields et al [ 134 ] described the typical change in microcirculation that occurs in diabetic patients after liver surgery. The ischaemic period and liver perfusion recovery are important factors related to hepatocellular damage because microcirculatory collapse is followed by a pronounced reduction of tissue oxygenation [ 135 ], which might result in degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes and consequent liver dysfunction [ 136 ]. Experimental models of I/R injury have offered evidence that insufficient hepatic microcirculatory perfusion, inflammatory cell activation, and consequent generation of ROS, cytokines, and chemokines can be considered essential in I/R syndrome [ 137 ].…”