Role of spatiotemporal expression of iodothyronine deiodinase proteins in cerebellar cell organization

American Thyroid Association Guide to Investigating Thyroid Hormone Economy and Action in Rodent and Cell Models

“…The presence of the deiodinases can be identified in a given tissue and their levels of activity quantified using well-established assays for enzyme activity and kinetic properties. In the cases of D1 and D3, tissue content of deiodinase protein can be assessed by immunohistochemical techniques using available antisera/antibodies (142). Levels of expression of all three deiodinase genes can be determined using samples of RNA prepared from the tissue of interest by standard reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) techniques (127).…”

Iodothyronine deiodinase structure and function: from ascidians to humans

“…D2 and D3 are present in all non-mammalian vertebrate brains studied and can therefore work together in controlling intracellular T 3 levels. D2 is clearly expressed in several glial cell types of chicken brain and D3 has been found in neurons (Gereben et al 2004, Verhoelst et al 2005. Interestingly, an immunohistochemical study in embryonic chicken cerebellum suggested that both D2 and D3 are transiently expressed in Purkinje cells, although not at the same time (Verhoelst et al 2005).…”

Environmentally Induced Oxidative Stress and Disruption of Brain Thyroid Hormone Homeostasis in Autism Spectrum Disorders

“…Excess T4 and T3 are then converted to inactive metabolites rT3 and 3,3'-diiodothyronine (T2) by D3. D2 is localized mainly in the glial cells (Guadano-Ferraz et al, 1997), but the Purkinje cell localization has been observed during specific developmental periods (Verhoelst et al, 2005). D3 is localized mainly in neurons including the Purkinje cells (Verhoelst et al, 2002).…”

“…Although the precise mechanism involved in this dimorphism is not known, in the cerebellum, developmentally-timed progesterone synthesis in the Purkinje cells (Sakamoto et al, 2003), differential regulation of progesterone-receptors by estradiol (Quadros et al, 2002;Guerra-Araiza et al, 2002), and the formation of estradiol from testosterone in the Purkinje cells (Sakamoto et al, 2003), have been implicated in these differential effects. It is thus interesting that the Purkinje cells express D2 at specific times during development (Verhoelst et al, 2005). Therefore it is possible that environmental toxicants interfere with TH homeostasis by acting on the Purkinje cells.…”

“…Also, Purkinje cell migration requires reelin (Miyata et al, 2010). Reelin is one of the genes whose abnormal expression is implicated in autism (Fatemi et al, 2005) and is also regulated by T3 produced locally in the fetal brain from T4 by deiodinase activity mostly in astrocytes but also in Purkinje cells (Verhoelst et al, 2005). It is possible that the aberrant Purkinje cell migration in ASD contributes to the decrease in Purkinje cells in ASD (Courchesne, 1991).…”