Role of Silica in Resistance to Asiatic Rice Borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker), in Rice Varieties1

Djamin, A.; Pathak, M. D.

doi:10.1093/jee/60.2.347

Cited by 143 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…A sílica confere textura rígida à epiderme (dureza), constituindo barreira mecânica que dificulta a alimentação das lagartas (Djamin & Pathar 1967, devido ao desgaste ocasionado aos dentes da mandíbula.…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

Consumo e Utilização de Alimento por Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Originária de Diferentes Regiões do Rio Grande do Sul, das Culturas do Milho e do Arroz Irrigado

Busato¹,

Grützmacher²,

Garcia³

et al. 2002

Neotrop. Entomol.

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-The goal of this work was to determine by means of consumption and utilization of natural food, the existence of strains of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) in different areas of corn and irrigated rice in Rio Grande do Sul. Four populations were collected: one in Santa Rosa, traditional area of corn cropping; one in Uruguaiana, traditional area of rice; and two in Pelotas, where corn and rice are planted side by side. In the laboratory, 20 larvae were individualized (second generation) and kept in petri dishes, in BOD, at 25ºC temperature, 70 ± 10% RH and 14h photophase. The larvae were fed on leaves of their respective hosts, hybrid of corn BRS 8330 and the cultivar of irrigated rice Embrapa 6-Chuí. The leaves of both hosts were submitted to bromatological analysis. The dry weight of the larva at maximum development, food consumed and feces eliminated were determined and the nutritional ratios were calculated: relative consumption ratio (RCR), relative metabolic ratio (RMR), relative growth ratio (RGR), approximate digestibilidade (AD), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD) and the metabolic cost (100 -ECD). Rice was more suitable as food for S. frugiperda; it was ingested in smaller amount, presented smaller 100 -ECD and larger ECI and ECD. A strong possibility of existence of two strains of S. frugiperda is evidenced in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, the corn and rice strains, which are morphologically similar but physiologically different.KEY WORDS: Nutritional index, fall armyworm, insect strain RESUMO -O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar, através de medidas de consumo e utilização de alimento natural, a existência de raças de Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) nas culturas do milho e do arroz irrigado no Rio Grande do Sul. Foram coletadas quatro populações: uma em Santa Rosa, região tradicionalmente produtora de milho; uma em Uruguaiana, região tradicionalmente produtora de arroz; e duas em Pelotas, região que produz milho e arroz lado a lado (uma em milho e outra em arroz). Individualizaram-se 20 lagartas de cada população (segunda geração) em placas de Petri, mantidas em BOD à temperatura de 25ºC, UR 70 ± 10% e fotofase de 14h. As lagartas foram alimentadas com folhas de seus respectivos hospedeiros, o híbrido de milho BRS 8330 e a cultivar de arroz irrigado Embrapa 6-Chuí. As folhas de ambos hospedeiros foram submetidas a análise bromatológica. Foram determinados o peso seco da lagarta no máximo desenvolvimento, do alimento consumido, e das fezes eliminadas, e calculados os índices nutricionais: taxa de consumo relativo (RCR), taxa metabólica relativa (RMR), taxa de crescimento relativo (RGR), digestibilidade aproximada (AD), eficiência de conversão do alimento ingerido (ECI), eficiência de conversão do alimento digerido (ECD) e custo metabólico (100 -ECD). O arroz apresentou-se mais adequado para a alimentação dos insetos, pois foi ingerido em menor quantidade, apresentando menor 100 -ECD, e maior ECI e ECD. Evidencia-se forte po...

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Section: Resultsunclassified

Consumo e Utilização de Alimento por Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Originária de Diferentes Regiões do Rio Grande do Sul, das Culturas do Milho e do Arroz Irrigado

Busato¹,

Grützmacher²,

Garcia³

et al. 2002

Neotrop. Entomol.

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“…Other minerals in plants have also been shown to act as physical abrasives to chewing insects. There is a negative correlation between levels of silica and susceptibility of rice (Oryza sativa) plants to the Asiatic rice borer, and the mandibles of this insect suffer significant wear when feeding on high-silica varieties (Djamin and Pathak, 1967). Performance of the pea aphid, which feeds on phloem sap via a piercing-sucking mechanism, was not reduced on line A17 when compared to feeding on cod5 or cod6.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medicago truncatula Mutants Demonstrate the Role of Plant Calcium Oxalate Crystals as an Effective Defense against Chewing Insects

et al. 2006

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Calcium oxalate is the most abundant insoluble mineral found in plants and its crystals have been reported in more than 200 plant families. In the barrel medic Medicago truncatula Gaertn., these crystals accumulate predominantly in a sheath surrounding secondary veins of leaves. Mutants of M. truncatula with decreased levels of calcium oxalate crystals were used to assess the defensive role of this mineral against insects. Caterpillar larvae of the beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua Hü bner show a clear feeding preference for tissue from calcium oxalate-defective (cod) mutant lines cod5 and cod6 in choice test comparisons with wild-type M. truncatula. Compared to their performance on mutant lines, larvae feeding on wild-type plants with abundant calcium oxalate crystals suffer significantly reduced growth and increased mortality. Induction of woundresponsive genes appears to be normal in cod5 and cod6, indicating that these lines are not deficient in induced insect defenses. Electron micrographs of insect mouthparts indicate that the prismatic crystals in M. truncatula leaves act as physical abrasives during feeding. Food utilization measurements show that, after consumption, calcium oxalate also interferes with the conversion of plant material into insect biomass during digestion. In contrast to their detrimental effects on a chewing insect, calcium oxalate crystals do not negatively affect the performance of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris, a sap-feeding insect with piercing-sucking mouthparts. The results confirm a long-held hypothesis for the defensive function of these crystals and point to the potential value of genes controlling crystal formation and localization in crop plants.

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“…Blackman 1968, 1969, Blackman and Parry 1968, Hayward and Parry 1973, Hodson and Sangster 1989, Hutton and Norrish 1974, Jones and Handreck 1965, Kaufman et al 1972, Soni and Parry 1973, the role of phytoliths in plant resistance to disease and insects was studied (e.g. De Silva and Hillis 1980, Djamin and Pathak 1967, Hanifa et al 1974, Jones and Handreck 1967, Kunoh and Ishizaki 1975, Lanning 1966 and the detrimental effects of ingested phytoliths on herbivores and humans was analyzed (e.g. Baker 1961, Baker et al 1959, Bezeau et al 1966, Bhatt et al 1984, Forman and Sauer 1962, Harbers et al 1981, O'Neill et al 1982, Parry and Hodson 1982.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of typologic and morphometric analysis of phytoliths produced by wheat and barley

2009

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Solid deposits of amorphous hydrated silica are formed at specific intracellular and extracellular locations in many plant taxa, including all taxa in Triticeae. These deposits of silica are called phytoliths, literally meaning "plant-rocks." Many plants produce phytoliths with morphological characteristics that appear unique to a given taxon, a phenomenon giving them taxonomic significance. When plant tissue decomposes, any phytoliths formed are released into the surrounding environment thus becoming microfossils of the plants that produced them. Analysis of microfossil phytoliths can provide information to researchers in a wide variety of disciplines, including, archaeobotany, paleoecology, phytogeography and systematics. This paper reviews current methodologies and results of typologic and morphometric analysis of wheat and barley phytoliths.

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Role of Silica in Resistance to Asiatic Rice Borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker), in Rice Varieties1

Abstract: Petrov, A. A., and N. P. Sopov. 1948. Conjugated systems. XXXVI. Condensation of some diene hydrocarbons with methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate.

Cited by 143 publications

References 1 publication

Consumo e Utilização de Alimento por Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Originária de Diferentes Regiões do Rio Grande do Sul, das Culturas do Milho e do Arroz Irrigado

Consumo e Utilização de Alimento por Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Originária de Diferentes Regiões do Rio Grande do Sul, das Culturas do Milho e do Arroz Irrigado

Medicago truncatula Mutants Demonstrate the Role of Plant Calcium Oxalate Crystals as an Effective Defense against Chewing Insects

Review of typologic and morphometric analysis of phytoliths produced by wheat and barley

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