Role of Self-Reported Individual Differences in Preference for and Tolerance of Exercise Intensity in Fitness Testing Performance

Hall, Eric E.; Petruzzello, Steven J.; Ekkekakis, Panteleimon; Miller, Paul; Bixby, Walter R.

doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000000420

Cited by 35 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…. Consistent with the conceptualization of preference as a trait, test-retest reliability estimates for the Preference subscale are high (0.67-0.80;Hall et al, 2014). Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) of the scale for the present sample was 0.73.Procedure Session 1: Graded exercise test (GXT).The purpose of the first session was to (a) collect anthropometric and PRETIE-Q data; (b) determine peak aerobic capacity and ventilatory threshold (VT); and (c) familiarize participants with the self-report measures.Upon arrival at the laboratory, participants verbally confirmed no caffeine within 6 h of testing, no vigorous exercise within 24 h of testing, and a normal prior night's sleep (within 1 h of typical sleep duration).…”

supporting

confidence: 52%

The influence of self-selected music on affect-regulated exercise intensity and remembered pleasure during treadmill running.

Hutchinson

Jones

Vitti

et al. 2018

Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology

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This study explored the influence of self-selected music on affect-regulated exercise intensity and Remembered Pleasure. Seventeen active male and female participants (28.1 ±9.9 years; BMI 23.8±3.2 kg/m 2 ; VO 2 peak 48.73±8.73 ml.min −1 .kg −1) completed a maximal exercise test and each individual's ventilatory threshold (VT) was identified. Following this, two treadmill exercise trials were performed at an intensity that was perceived to correspond to a Feeling Scale value of +3 (i.e. 'good'). Sessions with either self-selected music or no music were completed 48 hr apart and in a randomized counterbalanced order. Affective responses (Feeling Scale) and heart rate were measured during exercise and Remembered Pleasure was measured 5-min post exercise. Results indicated that participants selected an exercise intensity that exceeded their VT during the two affect-regulated exercise sessions (p = .002, d = .99). Participants exercised with greater intensity during affect-regulated exercise with music than without (p = .045; d = 1.12) while maintaining a 'good' feeling. Furthermore, participants recalled the music session as more pleasurable than the no-music session (p = .001; d = .72). These results illustrate a positive ergogenic and psychological influence of music during affect-regulated exercise. Encouraging individuals to exercise at an intensity that feels 'good' elicits an exercise intensity sufficient to garner cardiorespiratory benefits and may lead to improved adherence. Moreover, the use of self-selected music appears to augment this effect.

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supporting

confidence: 52%

The influence of self-selected music on affect-regulated exercise intensity and remembered pleasure during treadmill running.

Hutchinson

Jones

Vitti

et al. 2018

Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology

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“…It is proposed that different cognitive strategies are employed by individuals with a high and low tolerance to combat negative/aversive states during exercise (Tempest & Parfitt, ), yet these remain to be tested. The results reinforce the use of the tolerance scale in exercise testing to help identify individuals susceptible to a negative experience in order to tailor the exercise program to provide a more pleasant and manageable experience (Hall et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

“…Within the dual‐mode model, an individual's ability to maintain prefrontal cortex involvement, particularly at levels of intensity associated with feelings of displeasure and discomfort, is described as tolerance of the intensity of exercise (Ekkekakis, Hall, & Petruzzello, ; Hall, Petruzzello, Ekkekakis, Miller, & Bixby, ). Self‐reported tolerance, a predisposed trait, is described as the ability of an individual to provide cognitive control in order to regulate somatosensory information and is positively associated with affective responses during challenging exercise (above the VT; Ekkekakis et al, ; Ekkekakis, Lind, Hall, & Petruzzello, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prefrontal oxygenation and the acoustic startle eyeblink response during exercise: A test of the dual‐mode model

Tempest

Parfitt

2017

Psychophysiology

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The interplay between the prefrontal cortex and amygdala is proposed to explain the regulation of affective responses (pleasure/displeasure) during exercise as outlined in the dual-mode model. However, due to methodological limitations the dual-mode model has not been fully tested. In this study, prefrontal oxygenation (using near-infrared spectroscopy) and amygdala activity (reflected by eyeblink amplitude using acoustic startle methodology) were recorded during exercise standardized to metabolic processes: 80% of ventilatory threshold (below VT), at the VT, and at the respiratory compensation point (RCP). Self-reported tolerance of the intensity of exercise was assessed prior to, and affective responses recorded during exercise. The results revealed that, as the intensity of exercise became more challenging (from below VT to RCP), prefrontal oxygenation was larger and eyeblink amplitude and affective responses were reduced. Below VT and at VT, larger prefrontal oxygenation was associated with larger eyeblink amplitude. At the RCP, prefrontal oxygenation was greater in the left than right hemisphere, and eyeblink amplitude explained significant variance in affective responses (with prefrontal oxygenation) and self-reported tolerance. These findings highlight the role of the prefrontal cortex and potentially the amygdala in the regulation of affective (particularly negative) responses during exercise at physiologically challenging intensities (above VT). In addition, a psychophysiological basis of self-reported tolerance is indicated. This study provides some support of the dual-mode model and insight into the neural basis of affective responses during exercise.

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“…The authors define preference as Ba predisposition to select a particular level of exercise intensity when given the opportunity^(p. 354), and tolerance as Ba trait that influences one's ability to continue exercising at an imposed level of intensity even when the activity becomes uncomfortable or unpleasant^(p. 354). The identification of preference and tolerance as dispositional traits is supported by no change in these scores after a 6-week training program that resulted in improvements in physical fitness (Hall, Petruzzello, Ekkekakis, Miller, & Bixby, 2014). Conceptual validation of the scales (Ekkekakis et al, 2005) showed that neither preference nor tolerance was associated with affective responses reported during exercise at intensities below VT.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

Self-reported tolerance influences prefrontal cortex hemodynamics and affective responses

Tempest

Parfitt

2015

Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci

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The relationship between cognitive and sensory processes in the brain contributes to the regulation of affective responses (pleasure-displeasure). Exercise can be used to manipulate sensory processes (by increasing physiological demand) in order to examine the role of dispositional traits that may influence an individual's ability to cognitively regulate these responses. With the use of near infrared spectroscopy, in this study we examined the influence of self-reported tolerance upon prefrontal cortex (PFC) hemodynamics and affective responses. The hemodynamic response was measured in individuals with high or low tolerance during an incremental exercise test. Sensory manipulation was standardized against metabolic processes (ventilatory threshold [VT] and respiratory compensation point [RCP]), and affective responses were recorded. The results showed that the high-tolerance group displayed a larger hemodynamic response within the right PFC above VT (which increased above RCP). The lowtolerance group showed a larger hemodynamic response within the left PFC above VT. The high-tolerance group reported a more positive/less negative affective response above VT. These findings provide direct neurophysiological evidence of differential hemodynamic responses within the PFC that are associated with tolerance in the presence of increased physiological demands. This study supports the role of dispositional traits and previous theorizing into the underlying mechanisms (cognitive vs. sensory processes) of affective responses.

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Role of Self-Reported Individual Differences in Preference for and Tolerance of Exercise Intensity in Fitness Testing Performance

Cited by 35 publications

References 31 publications

The influence of self-selected music on affect-regulated exercise intensity and remembered pleasure during treadmill running.

The influence of self-selected music on affect-regulated exercise intensity and remembered pleasure during treadmill running.

Prefrontal oxygenation and the acoustic startle eyeblink response during exercise: A test of the dual‐mode model

Self-reported tolerance influences prefrontal cortex hemodynamics and affective responses

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