Role of plant biomass in the global environmental partitioning of chlorinated hydrocarbons

Calamari, D.; Bacci, E.; Focardi, Silvano; Gaggi, Carlo; Morosini, Marco; Vighi, Marco

doi:10.1021/es00020a020

Cited by 280 publications

(183 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…1 Numerous studies on the global distribution of persistent organic pollutants [2][3][4][5][6][7][8] support the mechanistic understanding developed by Wania and Mackay 9,10 of the movement of relatively volatile chemicals throughout the global environment along with cold trapping of more volatile compounds at high latitudes. However, more recently, several studies have pointed out the potential importance of aerosol-mediated LRAT for compounds such as brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs), in particular, decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Aerosol-Mediated Transport and Deposition of Brominated Diphenyl Ethers to Antarctica

Dickhut

Cincinelli

Cochran

et al. 2012

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Brominated diphenyl ethers were measured in air, snow and sea ice throughout western Antarctica between 2001 and 2007. BDEs in Antarctic air were predominantly associated with aerosols and were low compared to remote regions of the northern hemisphere, except in Marguerite Bay following the fire at Rothera research station in Sept. 2001, indicating that this event was a local source of BDE209 to the Antarctic environment. Aerosol BDE47/100 reflects a mixture of commercial pentaBDE products; however, BDE99/100 is suggestive of photodegradation of BDE99 during long range atmospheric transport (LRAT) in the austral summer. BDEs in snow were lower than predicted based on snow scavenging of aerosols indicating that atmospheric deposition events may be episodic. BDE47, -99, and -100 significantly declined in Antarctic sea ice between 2001 and 2007; however, BDE209 did not decline in Antarctic sea ice over the same time period. Significant losses of BDE99 and -100 from sea ice were recorded over a 19 day period in spring 2001 demonstrating that seasonal ice processes result in the preferential loss of some BDEs. BDE47/100 and BDE99/100 in sea ice samples reflect commercial pentaBDE products, suggesting that photodegradation of BDE99 is minimal during LRAT in the austral winter.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Aerosol-Mediated Transport and Deposition of Brominated Diphenyl Ethers to Antarctica

Dickhut

Cincinelli

Cochran

et al. 2012

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…This is often the case. However, most of the global transport of organochlorines is made aerially (Riseborough et al 1976); and the more volatile components are carried further into polar regions and kept there (Calamari et al 1991;Simonitch and Hites 1995). They accumulate because the very low temperatures can cause their deposition (through condensation) onto substrates such as soils, water and ice (Wania and Mackay 1993).…”

Section: Ocean Environment Changementioning

confidence: 99%

Humans and the Southern Elephant Seal Mirounga leonina

Burton¹,

Hoff²

2002

Aust. Mammalogy

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Southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina) populations appear remarkably unaffected by interactions with humans. They are very tolerant of close human presence whilst they are ashore for pupping, mating and moulting. Their behaviour in close proximity to helicopter operations suggests disturbance of moulting male M. leonina is minimal. There is no evidence that M. leonina have been affected by persistent organic pollutants; and few M. leonina have been reported as having been injured or killed by interactions with fishery gear. The number of prey species common to their diet and commercial fisheries in the Southern Ocean are few; but one commercial squid species, Martialia hyadesi, accounted for as much as 94% of the biomass consumed by M. leonina. Two harvested commercial squid species (Mar. hyadesi and Todarodes filippovae) were found in the stomachs of M. leonina; and some other squid species (Alluroteuthis antarcticus, Brachioteuthis spp., Gonatus antarcticus, Histeoteuthis spp., Kondokovia longimana, Moroteuthis ingens, Mor. knipovitchi, Pholidoteuthis boschmani and Psychroteuthis glacialis) have potential as commercial catch too. There is cause for concern if a future directed fishery for any of these species escalates or the by-catch of Mar. hyadesi and T. filippovae in the Illex and Nototodarus fisheries increase. There is also concern if fin-fish fisheries expand and take more of those species already taken by both M. leonina and fisheries. These species are benthic (Notothenia squamifrons), benthopelagic (Dissostichus eleginoides and Champsocephalus gunnari) and, perhaps most importantly, the pelagic myctophid species (e.g., Electrona carlsbergi).

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“…The basic theory underlying the accumulation of POPs in passive air samplers is via diffusion and absorption into the sampler matrix 7 . Natural passive samplers such as plant leaves have been used for monitoring atmospheric POPs [8][9][10] . However, inconsistency in contaminant uptake rates, high biological variability and variable exposure times may all make interpretation very difficult.…”

Section: -Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%