Role of pH gradients in the actuation of electro-responsive polyelectrolyte gels

Glazer, Piotr J.; Erp, Merijn van; Embrechts, Anika; Lemay, Serge Joseph Guy; Mendes, Eduardo

doi:10.1039/c2sm07435d

Cited by 55 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…ERH have been highly investigated for biomedical applications ranging from drug delivery, contact lenses, artificial muscles, cilia, and sensors. Typically, actuating experiments involving ERH use standard plate electrodes, which create a bending actuation of the hydrogel due to the applied electric field.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are several possible mechanisms including: electric field, electric current, pH responsive, or electrolysis. However, Glazer et al determined that pH and electrolysis were not the primary mechanism of action . In order to verify that pH and electrolysis were not the primary mechanism in this application the authors used an electric field of 4 V/cm, which was determined not to cause significant electrolysis or pH changes as shown in Figure .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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3‐D Interdigitated electrodes for uniform stimulation of electro‐responsive hydrogels for biomedical applications

Jackson

Cordero

Stam

2013

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

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Stimuli‐responsive hydrogels are continuing to increase in demand in biomedical applications. Occluding a blood vessel is one possible application which is ideal for a hydrogel because of their ability to expand in a fluid environment. However, typically stimuli‐responsive hydrogels focus on bending instead of radial uniform expansion, which is required for an occlusion application. This article focuses on using an interdigitated electrode device to stimulate an electro‐responsive hydrogel in order to demonstrate a uniform swelling/deswelling of the hydrogel. A Pluronic‐bismethacrylate (PF127‐BMA) hydrogel modified with hydrolyzed methacrylic acid, in order to make it electrically responsive, is used in this article. An interdigitated electrode device was manufactured containing Platinum electrodes. The results in this paper show that the electrically biased hydrogels deswelled 230% more than the non‐biased samples on average. The hydrogels deswelled uniformly and showed no visual deformations due to the electrical bias. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013, 51, 1523–1528

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3‐D Interdigitated electrodes for uniform stimulation of electro‐responsive hydrogels for biomedical applications

Jackson

Cordero

Stam

2013

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

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“…Bending electroactuation of the polylectrolyte hydrogels, induced by an external electric field, is governed to a large extent by the migration of ions across the hydrogel boundary (Figure ). The original difference in ion concentration between the hydrogel and the surrounding solution plays an important role . To assess the degree by which the methacrylic acid sodium salt determines the amplitude and time of bending actuation, the curvature was measured as a function of time.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Properties of electrically responsive hydrogels as a potential dynamic tool for biomedical applications

Adesanya

Vanderleyden

Embrechts

et al. 2014

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Hydrogels with electric responsive properties are gaining research focus due to increasing demand for miniaturized devices that can be precisely controlled using an external stimulus. Such systems are well suited due to their ability to expand and contract when in contact with different types of fluid. This study reports on the synthesis of a "smart" electroresponsive network, using a neutral, "non-smart," biocompatible hydrogel forming building block, Pluronic F127 (PF127), as a starting molecule. The PEO-PPO-PEO copolymer was modified with telechelic methacrylic end functionalities to form a triblock linear prepolymer with crosslinkable end groups (crosslinker). This bifunctional prepolymer, PF127 bismethacrylate (PF127BMA), was copolymerized covalently with anionic methacrylic acid sodium salt groups into a nonsoluble 3D hydrogel network in the presence of redox initiators. The polyelectrolyte domains in the pluronic hydrogel afforded controllable swelling capabilities with volumetric expansion exceeding 8500% in deionized water or 1400% in Krebs solution. The hydrogels were further assessed for their mechanical and electroactive response as a function of increasing acid salt content.

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“…However, pH changes cannot explain all the observed phenomena. This indicates that the underlying principles are still not fully understood [381], although these hydrogel actuators have been optimized (Fig. 38) [382,383] and different models have been invented [384].…”

Section: Electrochemically Induced Complexation Of Gelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Porous Carbons – Hyperbranched Polymers – Polymer Solvation

Long

Voit

Okay

2015

Advances in Polymer Science

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Role of pH gradients in the actuation of electro-responsive polyelectrolyte gels

Cited by 55 publications

References 35 publications

3‐D Interdigitated electrodes for uniform stimulation of electro‐responsive hydrogels for biomedical applications

3‐D Interdigitated electrodes for uniform stimulation of electro‐responsive hydrogels for biomedical applications

Properties of electrically responsive hydrogels as a potential dynamic tool for biomedical applications

Porous Carbons – Hyperbranched Polymers – Polymer Solvation

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