Role of Percutaneous Ablation in the Management of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma

Abstract

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an invasive cancer accounting for <1% of all cancers and 10–15% of primary liver cancers. Intrahepatic CCA (iCCA) is associated with poor survival rates and high post-surgical recurrence rates whilst most diagnosed patients are not surgical candidates. There is a growing literature suggesting percutaneous ablative techniques for the management of patients with iCCA measuring ≤3 cm with contraindications to surgery as well as for recurrent or residual tumors aiming to provide local cancer treatment and control. Most used ablative therapies for iCCA include radiofrequency and microwave ablation with irreversible electroporation, cryoablation and reversible electroporation (electrochemotherapy) being less commonly encountered techniques. Due to the infiltrative margins of the lesion, there is a need for larger safety margins and ablation zone; multi-apparatus ablation or other variations of the technique such as balloon-assisted approaches can be utilized aiming to increase size of the zone of necrosis. The present review paper focuses upon the current role of percutaneous ablative techniques for the therapeutic management of iCCA. The purpose of this review is to present the current minimally invasive ablative techniques in the treatment of iCCA, including local control and survival rates.

Interventional Radiology Locoregional Therapies for Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma

“…Cryoablation leads to cell death due to cell membrane and organelle damage caused by dehydration and osmotic pressure changes from the formation of intra-and extracellular ice crystals [47,48]. High pressure argon gas (3000 psi) is allowed to travel along the length of the ablation needle to the tip, where it subsequently expands rapidly to atmospheric pressure.…”