“…Specific and conditional indirect effects were subjected to follow-up bootstrap analyses with 10,000 resamples from which a 95% confidence interval (CI) was estimated (Hayes, 2009; Preacher & Hayes, 2004, 2008). Covariates included age (Hymowitz et al, 1991; Park et al, 2012), sex (Hendricks et al, 2014; Wetter et al, 1999), nativity (Zvolensky, Shepherd, et al, 2020), education (Reid et al, 2010), income (Hobkirk et al, 2018), and perceived racial/ethnic discrimination (Zvolensky, Shepherd, Clausen, Garey, Redmond, Santiago-Torres, & Bricker, 2023) for all models, as well as number of cigarettes smoked per day (Benowitz, 2010) only for severity of problems when trying to quit and perceived barriers for smoking cessation. Number of cigarettes per day was not included as a covariate in the model of cigarette dependence because it is an inherent element of dependence…”