Role of Pear Fruit Cuticular Wax and Surface Hydrophobicity in Regulating the Prepenetration Phase of <i>Alternaria alternata</i> Infection

Tang, Ying; Li, Yongcai; Bi, Yang; Wang, Yi

doi:10.1111/jph.12564

Cited by 44 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 47 publications

(59 reference statements)

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“…In A. brassicicola , it is thought that conidial lipase that interacts with leaf waxes plays the main role in adhesion of conidia to the plant surface, despite the leaf surface hydrophobicity (Berto et al ., ). Intact cuticular waxes and surface hydrophobicity favoured formation of short germ tubes by A. alternata on pear fruits (Tang et al ., ). In the present investigation, production of mucilage by A. brassicicola conidia, which may adhere them to the host surface, was observed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Infection cycle ofAlternaria brassicicolaonBrassica oleracealeaves under growth room conditions

2018

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Development of the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria brassicicola was evaluated during infection of three cabbage varieties: Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. alba ‘Stone Head’ (white cabbage), B. oleracea var. capitata f. rubra ‘Langedijker Dauer’ (red cabbage) and B. oleracea var. capitata f. sabauda ‘Langedijker Dauerwirsing’ (Savoy cabbage). Following inoculation of cabbage leaves, conidial germination, germ tube growth, and appressorium formation were analysed during the first 24 h of infection. Differences in the dynamics of fungal development on leaves were observed, e.g. approximately 40% of conidia germinated on Savoy cabbage leaves at 4 h post‐inoculation (hpi) while only 20% germinated on red and white cabbage leaves. Leaf penetration on the three cabbage varieties mainly occurred through appressoria, rarely through stomata. Formation of infection cushions was found exclusively on red cabbage. Appressoria were first observed on red cabbage leaves at 6 hpi, and on white and Savoy cabbage leaves at 8 hpi. Conidiogenesis occurred directly from mature conidia at an early stage of fungal development (10 hpi), but later (48 hpi) it occurred through conidiophores. Disease progress and changes in the morphology of leaf surfaces were also observed. At the final 120 hpi measurement point, necroses on all investigated varieties were approximately the same size. Based on detailed light and electron microscopic analyses, an outline of the A. brassicicola infection cycle on B. oleracea leaves under growth room conditions has been proposed. According to the authors’ knowledge, this report represents the most detailed up‐to‐date description of infection of B. oleracea varieties by A. brassicicola.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Infection cycle ofAlternaria brassicicolaonBrassica oleracealeaves under growth room conditions

2018

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“…In this study, fatty acids were shown to be major components of epicuticular wax. Tang et al [24] also reported that high surface hydrophobicity resulting from cuticular wax of pear also stimulated infection structure formation of Alternaria alternata.…”

Section: Effect Of Different Cuticle Extracts On Mycelium Growth and mentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Hordei germination was more rapid and greater on the surfaces of intact than dewaxed barley [23]. Tang et al [24] observed that the chemical composition and hydrophobicity of pear fruit cuticular wax are essential in facilitating fungal invasion by regulating the growth and differentiation of Alternaria alternata during the prepenetration phase. Several other ubiquitous very-long-chain aldehyde wax constituents are capable of effectively stimulating Bluemeria graminis prepenetration processes [25,26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Cuticle Components and Morphology of ‘Satsuma’ Mandarin (Citrus unshiu) during Ambient Storage and Their Potential Role on Penicillium digitatum Infection

et al. 2020

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To elucidate the role of fruit cuticle in fungal infection, changes in cuticle composition and morphology of ‘Satsuma’ mandarin during ambient (at 25 °C) storage and their role in Penicillium digitatum infection were investigated. Results showed that the epicuticular wax yield increased from 1.11 μg cm−2 to 4.21 μg cm−2 during storage for 20 days and then decreased to 1.35 μg cm−2 as storage time prolonged to 40 days. Intracuticular wax content of fruits stored for 20 days showed a peak value that was 1.7-fold higher than that of fruits stored for 40 days. The contents of cutin monomers of fruits showed a decreased trend during storage, while their proportions in the cutin stayed stable. Acids were identified as the most abundant components in epicuticular wax independently of the storage time, followed by alkanes and terpenoids. Terpenoids were found as the predominant components in intracuticular wax during the whole storage, followed by alkanes and acids. The flattened platelets crystals of fruits at harvest changed into small granule-like wax ones after 10 days of storage then gradually distributed across the surface of the fruits as stored for 40 days. Results of in vitro tests showed that mycelial growth of Penicillium digitatum could be promoted by epicuticular wax and conidial germination could be inhibited by cutin at different storage stages. These results shed new light on the chemical basis for cuticle involvement in fungal infection.

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“…These results suggest that PLC regulates the morphogenesis of pathogenic fungi. Our previous studies revealed a positive correlation between pear cuticular wax hydrophobicity and appressorium formation in A. alternata (Tang et al, 2017). Whether PLC-mediated Ca 2+ signaling involves this induction process requires further elucidation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Other plant pathogenic fungi recognize primary alcohols to regulate infection related morphogenesis (Liu et al, 2011). Our previous study showed that the chemical composition and hydrophobicity of pear fruit cuticular wax is essential for fungal invasion through its regulation of the growth and differentiation of A. alternata during the pre-penetration phase (Tang et al, 2017). This highlights the role of hydrophobicity and wax as epidermal signals in pathogen-plant interactions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Phospholipase C From Alternaria alternata Is Induced by Physiochemical Cues on the Pear Fruit Surface That Dictate Infection Structure Differentiation and Pathogenicity

Huang

et al. 2020

Front. Microbiol.

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To investigate the mechanisms of phospholipase C (PLC)-mediated calcium (Ca 2+) signaling in Alternaria alternata, the regulatory roles of PLC were elucidated using neomycin, a specific inhibitor of PLC activity. Three isotypes of PLC designated AaPLC1, AaPLC2, and AaPLC3 were identified in A. alternata through genome sequencing. qRT-PCR analysis showed that fruit wax extracts significantly upregulated the expression of all three PLC genes in vitro. Pharmacological experiments showed that neomycin treatment led to a dose-dependent reduction in spore germination and appressorium formation in A. alternata. Appressorium formation was stimulated on hydrophobic and pear wax-coated surfaces but was significantly inhibited by neomycin treatment. The appressorium formation rates of neomycin treated A. alternata on hydrophobic and wax-coated surfaces decreased by 86.6 and 47.4%, respectively. After 4 h of treatment, exogenous CaCl 2 could partially reverse the effects of neomycin treatment. Neomycin also affected mycotoxin production in alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), altenuene (ALT), and tentoxin (TEN), with exogenous Ca 2+ partially reversing these effects. These results suggest that PLC is required for the growth, infection structure differentiation, and secondary metabolism of A. alternata in response to physiochemical signals on the pear fruit surface.

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Role of Pear Fruit Cuticular Wax and Surface Hydrophobicity in Regulating the Prepenetration Phase of Alternaria alternata Infection

Cited by 44 publications

References 47 publications

Infection cycle ofAlternaria brassicicolaonBrassica oleracealeaves under growth room conditions

Infection cycle ofAlternaria brassicicolaonBrassica oleracealeaves under growth room conditions

Changes in Cuticle Components and Morphology of ‘Satsuma’ Mandarin (Citrus unshiu) during Ambient Storage and Their Potential Role on Penicillium digitatum Infection

Phospholipase C From Alternaria alternata Is Induced by Physiochemical Cues on the Pear Fruit Surface That Dictate Infection Structure Differentiation and Pathogenicity

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