Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Insomnia Sleep Disorder and Cardiovascular Diseases: Herbal Antioxidants and Anti-inflammatory Coupled with Insomnia Detection using Machine Learning

Abstract

Insomnia is well-known as trouble in sleeping and enormously influences human life due to the shortage of sleep. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) accrue in neurons during the waking state, and sleep has a defensive role against oxidative damage and dissipates ROS in the brain. In contrast, insomnia is the source of inequity between ROS generation and removal by an endogenous antioxidant defense system. The relationship be-tween insomnia, depression, and anxiety disorders damages the cardiovascular systems' immune mechanisms and functions. Traditionally, polysomnography is used in the diagnosis of insomnia. This technique is com-plex, with a long time overhead. In this work, we have proposed a novel machine learning-based automatic detection system using the R-R intervals extracted from a single-lead electrocardiograph (ECG). Addition-ally, we aimed to explore the role of oxidative stress and inflammation in sleeping disorders and cardiovas-cular diseases, antioxidants’ effects, and the psychopharmacological effect of herbal medicine. This work has been carried out in steps, which include collecting the ECG signal for normal and insomnia subjects, analyz-ing the signal, and finally, automatic classification. We used two approaches, including subjects (normal and insomnia), two sleep stages, i.e., wake and rapid eye movement, and three Machine Learning (ML)-based classifiers to complete the classification. A total number of 3000 ECG segments were collected from 18 sub-jects. Furthermore, using the theranostics approach, the role of mitochondrial dysfunction causing oxidative stress and inflammatory response in insomnia and cardiovascular diseases was explored. The data from vari-ous databases on the mechanism of action of different herbal medicines in insomnia and cardiovascular dis-eases with antioxidant and antidepressant activities were also retrieved. Random Forest (RF) classifier has shown the highest accuracy (subjects: 87.10% and sleep stage: 88.30%) compared to the Decision Tree (DT) and Support Vector Machine (SVM). The results revealed that the suggested method could perform well in classifying the subjects and sleep stages. Additionally, a random forest machine learning-based classifier could be helpful in the clinical discovery of sleep complications, including insomnia. The evidence retrieved from the databases showed that herbal medicine contains numerous phytochemical bioactives and has mul-timodal cellular mechanisms of action, viz., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, vasorelaxant, detoxifier, antide-pressant, anxiolytic, and cell-rejuvenator properties. Other herbal medicines have a GABA-A receptor ago-nist effect. Hence, we recommend that the theranostics approach has potential and can be adopted for future research to improve the quality of life of humans.

Therapeutic Efficacy of a Formulation Prepared with Linum usitatissimum L., Plantago ovata Forssk., and Honey on Uncomplicated Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Analyzed with Machine Learning Techniques

“…Hence, we evaluated and compared the efficacy of the vaginal application of a formulation prepared with L. usitatissimum , P. ovata , and honey [ 12 ] on uPID with standard drugs, doxycycline, and metronidazole. In addition, we also used the same machine learning models [ 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 ] including Decision Tree (DT) [ 55 , 56 , 57 ], Random Forest (RF) [ 58 , 59 ], Logistic Regression (LR), and AdaBoost (AB) with three cross-validation models including 2-fold, 5-fold, and 10-fold to classify the standard and pessary groups. The main contributions of this study are given below: The pessary of psyllium and linseed with honey is beneficial for PID but has not been validated to date.…”

EEG-Based Driver Fatigue Monitoring within a Human–Ship–Environment System: Implications for Ship Braking Safety

“…Furthermore, our work is distinct from the study by Bin Heyat et al [ 33 ], which investigates the role of oxidative stress and inflammation in insomnia sleep disorders and cardiovascular diseases, and proposes a machine-learning-based insomnia detection system using ECG-derived R–R intervals. Our ridge regression model, by contrast, aims to predict driver fatigue levels with high stability and generalization capability.…”

FMDNet: An Efficient System for Face Mask Detection Based on Lightweight Model during COVID-19 Pandemic in Public Areas

“…We can see that, for the same test set, FMDNet (99%) improved the accuracy more than that of the base model, MobileNetV2 (94%). The report consists of some of the significant evaluation metrics such as the precision, recall, F1-score, and accuracy [40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49] mentioned in Equations ( 5)- (8). These metrics are based on the true positives, true negatives, false positives, and false negatives.…”