“…It has become very important to perform research about instruments aimed to measure optimism in a valid and reliable manner since optimism is a psychological characteristic associated with many beneficial effects on many spheres of peoplés lives (see a very complete recent review of this topic in Carver & Scheier, 2014), for instance, physical and mental health (Conversano, Rotondo, Lensi, Della-Vista, Arpone, & Reda, 2010), interpersonal relationships (Sumi, 2006), family life (Esfahan & Rostami, 2016; Taylor, Larsen-Rife, Conger, Widaman, & Cutrona, 2010), professional life (Mishra, Patnaik, & Mishra, 2016), and the development of an overall sense of social well-being (Yu & Luo, 2018), More specifically, from a medical perspective, evidence shows that optimism decreases the level of anxiety and depression in cancer patients (Ahmad & Gaber, 2019; Lam et al., 2016; Orom, Nelson, Underwood, Homish, & Kapoor, 2015), improves sleep quality (Lau, Hui, Lam, & Cheung, 2017; Uchino et al., 2016), reduces the risk of suicidal ideation (Chang et al., 2017; Huffmann et al., 2016), diminishes the perceived intensity of postsurgical pain (Hanssen, Peters, Vlaeyen, & Meevissen, 2013, Ronaldson et al., 2014), decreases the risk of coronary heart disease (Kim, Smith, & Kubzansky, 2014), and lowers cardiovascular and all-cause mortality risk (Boehm & Kubzansky, 2012; Kim et al., 2017).…”