Role of nuclear fusion in future energy systems and the environment under future uncertainties

Tokimatsu, Koji; Fujino, Junichi; Konishi, Satoshi; Ogawa, Yuichi; Yamaji, Katsuhiko

doi:10.1016/s0301-4215(02)00127-1

Cited by 37 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Fusion of light atomic nuclei (e.g., protium, deuterium, or tritium) theoretically could supply power indefinitely without long-lived radioactive wastes as the products are isotopes of helium (Ongena and Van Oost, 2006;Tokimatsu et al, 2003); however, it would produce short-lived waste that needs to be removed from the reactor core to avoid interference with operations, and it is unlikely to be commercially available for at least another 50-100 years (Tokimatsu et al, 2003;Barré , 1999;Hammond, 1996), long after we will have needed to transition to alternative energy sources. By contrast, wind and solar power are available today, will last indefinitely, and pose no serious risks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, Part I: Technologies, energy resources, quantities and areas of infrastructure, and materials

2011

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, Part I: Technologies, energy resources, quantities and areas of infrastructure, and materials

2011

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“…It is important to show the required COE together with the introduction year, because it would be useless to develop a fusion power plant at a reasonable COE after another alternative energy source has been introduced as the backbone energy source. Recently, the potential of fusion energy in a long-term world energy scenario has been investigated, and the introduction year and the consequent share for the fusion energy has been estimated together with the break-even COE [16,17]. In the present study, future uncertainties, e.g.…”

Section: How To Clarify Forthcoming Break-even Conditions ?mentioning

confidence: 88%

“…energy demand scenarios and capacity utilization ratios of options in energy/environment technologies, are considered in several different world energy scenarios. This analysis was carried out by using a long-term world energy and environmental model (this model is used for IPCC post SRES activity [18]) and estimated that the break-even price of the fusion energy for introduction in the year 2050 under the constraint of 550 ppmv CO 2 concentration (twice level at the Industrial Revolution) would be in a range from 65 mill/kWh to 135 mill/kWh (1000 mill = 1 dollar) [17]. The width of the break-even price range is derived largely from uncertainties about the future world energy scenario.…”

Section: How To Clarify Forthcoming Break-even Conditions ?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Forthcoming Break-Even Conditions of Tokamak Plasma Performance for Fusion Energy Development

Hiwatari

Okano

Asaoka

et al. 2005

J. Plasma Fusion Res.

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The present study reveals forthcoming break-even conditions of tokamak plasma performance for the fusion energy development. The fi rst condition is the electric break-even condition, which means that the gross electric power generation is equal to the circulating power in a power plant. This is required for fusion energy to be recognized as a suitable candidate for an alternative energy source. As for the plasma performance (normalized beta value β N , confi nement improvement factor for H-mode HH, the ratio of plasma density to Greenwald density fn GW ), the electric break-even condition requires the simultaneous achievement of 1.2 < β N < 2.7, 0.8 < HH, and 0.3 < fn GW < 1.1 under the conditions of a maximum magnetic fi eld on the TF coil B tmax = 16 T, thermal effi ciency η e = 30%, and current drive power P NBI < 200 MW. It should be noted that the relatively moderate conditions of β N ~ 1.8, HH ~ 1.0, and fn GW ~ 0.9, which correspond to the ITER reference operation parameters, have a strong potential to achieve the electric break-even condition. The second condition is the economic break-even condition, which is required for fusion energy to be selected as an alternative energy source in the energy market. By using a long-term world energy scenario, a break-even price for introduction of fusion energy in the year 2050 is estimated to lie between 65 mill/kWh and 135 mill/kWh under the constraint of 550 ppm CO 2 concentration in the atmosphere. In the present study, this break-even price is applied to the economic break-even condition. However, because this break-even price is based on the present energy scenario including uncertainties, the economic break-even condition discussed here should not be considered the suffi cient condition, but a necessary condition. Under the conditions of B tmax = 16 T, η e = 40%, plant availability 60%, and a radial build with/without CS coil, the economic break-even condition requires β N ~ 5.0 for 65 mill/kWh of lower break-even price case. Finally, the present study reveals that the demonstration of steady-state operation with β N ~ 3.0 in the ITER project leads to the upper region of the break-even price in the present world energy scenario, which implies that it is necessary to improve the plasma performance beyond that of the ITER advanced plasma operation. keywords: fusion power plant, plasma performance, tokamak, break-even condition

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“…The overcapacity caused by trade conflict obstructs technological progress and delays the deployment of PV power generation. Learning-by-doing also includes additional mechanisms, such as learning-by-operating and learning-by-implementing [15,57,58].…”

Section: Deployment Stagementioning

confidence: 99%

Market dynamics, innovation, and transition in China's solar photovoltaic (PV) industry: A critical review

Zou

Ren

et al. 2017

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

100

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China's photovoltaic (PV) industry has undergone dramatic development in recent years and is now the global market leader in terms of newly added capacity. However, market diffusion and adoption in China is not ideal. This paper examines the blocking and inducement mechanisms of China's PV industry development from the perspective of technological innovation. By incorporating a Technological Innovation System (TIS) approach, the analysis performed here complements the previous literature, which has not grounded itself in a theoretical framework. In addition, to determine the current market dynamics, we closely examine market concentration trends as well as the vertical and horizontal integration of upstream and downstream actors (74.8% and 36.3%). The results of applying the TIS framework reveal that poor connectivity in networks, unaligned competitive entities and a lack of market supervision obstruct the development of China's PV industry. Therefore, we maintain that inducement mechanisms are required to instigate learning-by-doing capacities, which may help  Corresponding author. E-mail address: duhuibin@tju.edu.cn (Huibin Du). Tel: 86-22-2740-4446. overcome blocking mechanisms and offset functional innovation deficiencies. In addition, policy implications are proposed for promoting the development of the PV industry in China.

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Role of nuclear fusion in future energy systems and the environment under future uncertainties

Cited by 37 publications

References 11 publications

Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, Part I: Technologies, energy resources, quantities and areas of infrastructure, and materials

Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, Part I: Technologies, energy resources, quantities and areas of infrastructure, and materials

Forthcoming Break-Even Conditions of Tokamak Plasma Performance for Fusion Energy Development

Market dynamics, innovation, and transition in China's solar photovoltaic (PV) industry: A critical review

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