Role of nitric oxide in the vascular effects  of local warming of the skin in humans

Kellogg, Dean L.; Liu, Y.; Kosiba, I. F.; O’Donnell, Dermot

doi:10.1152/jappl.1999.86.4.1185

Cited by 395 publications

(499 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…In all studies, subjects had four ventral forearm skin sites chosen for assessment; two of these sites were prepared with microdialysis probes, placed intradermally, and two without. As described previously (6,16), these custom-built microdialysis probes consisted of 1 cm of microdialysis tubing (regenerated cellulose, inner diameter 200 m, 18-kDa nominal molecular mass cutoff) attached at each end to polyimide tubing. For both parts, a 25-gauge needle was introduced aseptically for ϳ2.5 cm into the dermis before exiting.…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of microdialysis needle trauma on cutaneous vascular responses in humans

Hodges

Chiu²,

Kosiba³

et al. 2009

Journal of Applied Physiology

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The effect of microdialysis needle trauma on cutaneous vascular responses in humans. J Appl Physiol 106: 1112-1118, 2009. First published February 5, 2009 doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.91508.2008.-Microdialysis enables in-depth mechanistic study of the cutaneous circulation in humans. However, whether the insertion or presence of the microdialysis fiber (MDF) affects the skin circulation or its responses is unknown. We tested whether the cutaneous vascular response to whole body heating (WBH) was affected by MDF or by pretreatment with ice (part 1) or local anesthesia (LA; part 2). Eleven subjects participated, 9 in part 1 and 8 in part 2 (5 participated in both). In both parts, four sites on the forearm were selected, providing untreated control, MDF only, ice or LA only, and combined MDF plus ice or LA. A tube-lined suit controlled whole body skin temperature, which was raised to ϳ38°C for WBH. Skin sites were instrumented with laser-Doppler flow probes. Data were expressed as cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC). Baseline levels were not different among sites (P Ͼ 0.05). In part 1, the internal temperature for the onset of vasodilation was higher (P Ͼ 0.05) with MDF with or without ice pretreatment than at untreated control sites (control 36.6 Ϯ 0.1°C, Ice 36.5 Ϯ 0.1, MDF 36.8 Ϯ 0.1°C, and IceϩMDF 36.8 Ϯ 0.1°C). Peak CVC during WBH was decreased (P Ͻ 0.05) by MDF (control 73 Ϯ 7 vs. MDF 59 Ϯ 6% of maximal CVC). Ice (73 Ϯ 6% of maximal CVC) or IceϩMDF (69 Ϯ 6% of maximal CVC) did not affect (P Ͼ 0.05) peak CVC compared with control. In part 2, the temperature threshold for the onset of vasodilation was increased by MDF with or without LA treatment and by LA alone (P Ͻ 0.05; control 36.6 Ϯ 0.1°C, MDF 36.7 Ϯ 0.1°C, LA 36.8 Ϯ 0.1°C, and LAϩMDF 36.8 Ϯ 0.1°C). Peak CVC was decreased by MDF (control 69 Ϯ 6% of maximal CVC vs. MDF 58 Ϯ 8% of maximal CVC; P Ͻ 0.05). LA only (65 Ϯ 10% of maximal CVC) or MDF in the presence of LA (73 Ϯ 12% of maximal CVC) did not affect (P Ͼ 0.05) peak CVC compared with control. Thus LA or MDF increases the temperature threshold for the onset of vasodilation. MDF alone decreases the peak vasodilator response in CVC to WBH; however, this attenuation did not occur if ice or LA is used before MDF placement. Ice or LA alone do not affect the peak response in CVC to WBH. How those treatments prevent or reverse the effect of MDF placement is presently unclear.skin blood flow; active vasodilation; ice; local anesthesia; laserDoppler flowmetry MICRODIALYSIS IS A TECHNIQUE that over the past 20 yr has become a common procedure in humans. The first report of the in vivo use of microdialysis in humans concerned studies of the interstitial space (19). In the last decade or so, microdialysis coupled with laser-Doppler flowmetry has provided a powerful system for in-depth mechanistic analysis of how the cutaneous circulation functions in vivo. The microdialysis technique often involves insertion of a "guide," typically a 25-gauge needle, intradermally for ϳ2.5 cm before exiting. The microdialysis fiber i...

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Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The microdialysis fiber is placed through the lumen of this needle; the needle is then removed, leaving the fiber within the dermis (e.g., Refs. 6,8,9,16,20,26,29). Used in this manner, the microdialysis fiber allows the exchange of substances with the interstitial space.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of microdialysis needle trauma on cutaneous vascular responses in humans

Hodges

Chiu²,

Kosiba³

et al. 2009

Journal of Applied Physiology

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“…Direct local warming of the skin leads to a vasodilation that involves nitric oxide and sensory nerves (20,25,38). With respect to direct local cooling, several lines of evidence point to an involvement of the sympathetic vasoconstrictor system in the reduction of skin blood flow.…”

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confidence: 99%

Sympathetic, sensory, and nonneuronal contributions to the cutaneous vasoconstrictor response to local cooling

Johnson¹,

Yen²,

Zhao³

et al. 2005

American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology

129

183

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Sympathetic, sensory, and nonneuronal contributions to the cutaneous vasoconstrictor response to local cooling. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 288: H1573-H1579, 2005. First published December 2, 2004; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00849.2004.-Previous work indicates that sympathetic nerves participate in the vascular responses to direct cooling of the skin in humans. We evaluated this hypothesis further in a four-part series by measuring changes in cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) from forearm skin locally cooled from 34 to 29°C for 30 min. In part 1, bretylium tosylate reversed the initial vasoconstriction (Ϫ14 Ϯ 6.6% control CVC, first 5 min) to one of vasodilation (ϩ19.7 Ϯ 7.7%) but did not affect the response at 30 min (Ϫ30.6 Ϯ 9% control, Ϫ38.9 Ϯ 6.9% bretylium; both P Ͻ 0.05, P Ͼ 0.05 between treatments). In part 2, yohimbine and propranolol (YP) also reversed the initial vasoconstriction (Ϫ14.3 Ϯ 4.2% control) to vasodilation (ϩ26.3 Ϯ 12.1% YP), without a significant effect on the 30-min response (Ϫ26.7 Ϯ 6.1% YP, Ϫ43.2 Ϯ 6.5% control; both P Ͻ 0.05, P Ͼ 0.05 between sites). In part 3, the NPY Y1 receptor antagonist BIBP 3226 had no significant effect on either phase of vasoconstriction (P Ͼ 0.05 between sites both times). In part 4, sensory nerve blockade by anesthetic cream (Emla) also reversed the initial vasoconstriction (Ϫ20.1 Ϯ 6.4% control) to one of vasodilation (ϩ213.4 Ϯ 87.0% Emla), whereas the final levels did not differ significantly (Ϫ37.7 Ϯ 10.1% control, Ϫ37.2 Ϯ 8.7% Emla; both P Ͻ 0.05, P Ͼ 0.05 between treatments). These results indicate that local cooling causes cold-sensitive afferents to activate sympathetic nerves to release norepinephrine, leading to a local cutaneous vasoconstriction that masks a nonneurogenic vasodilation. Later, a vasoconstriction develops with or without functional sensory or sympathetic nerves.human; peripheral circulation; local control of blood flow; skin circulation; microdialysis; iontophoresis; neuropeptide Y; norepinephrine; axon reflex THE CONTROL OF SKIN BLOOD FLOW in humans involves several mechanisms. Reflex control occurs through a vasoconstrictor pathway and through an independent active vasodilator system (18, 33). These systems are both known to be sympathetic in origin. In the case of the vasoconstrictor system, the transmitters appear to be norepinephrine and one or more cotransmitters (26 -27, 36, 37, 39 -40). The active vasodilator mechanism is less well defined but appears to be cholinergic and also to involve a cotransmitter, perhaps vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (3, 21).Local thermal control of skin blood flow has also been the subject of considerable attention. Direct local warming of the skin leads to a vasodilation that involves nitric oxide and sensory nerves (20,25,38). With respect to direct local cooling, several lines of evidence point to an involvement of the sympathetic vasoconstrictor system in the reduction of skin blood flow. Postsynaptic ␣ 2 -adrenergic receptors have an enhanced affinity for norepinephrine, perhaps mediated th...

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“…Indeed, cutaneous heating stems from the vasodilation from the inhibition of smooth arteriolar muscle tone via the action of nitric oxide, which generally appears in two successive peaks, the first during the first 3 min of heating, the second more intense but delayed by almost 30 min. 15,16 In our study, we only recorded laser Doppler flow during the first 3 min of heating to 44 1C whereas Carberry recorded this flow over 40 min at a temperature of 42 1C. Serné 17-19 using videocapillaroscopy showed that hypertensives have both functional and structural capillary loss in the skin.…”

Section: Impairment Of Porh But Not Hyperhemy At 44 1c In the Hypertementioning

confidence: 98%

Impairment of skin blood flow during post-occlusive reactive hyperhemy assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry correlates with renal resistive index

2011

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We lack non-invasive tools for evaluating the coronary and renal microcirculations. Since cutaneous Doppler laser exploration has evidenced impaired cutaneous microvascular responses in coronary artery disease and in impaired renal function, we wanted to find out if there was a link between the impairments in the cutaneous and renal microcirculations. To specify the significance of the rise in the renal resistive index (RI), which is still unclear, we also sought relations between RI and arterial stiffness. We conducted a cross-sectional controlled study in a heterogeneous population including hypertensive patients of various ages with or without a history of cardiovascular disease along with a healthy control group. The cutaneous microcirculation was evaluated by laser Doppler flowmetry of the post-occlusive reactive hyperhemy (PORH) and of the hyperhemy to heat. The renal microcirculation was evaluated by measurement of the RI. Arterial stiffness was evaluated from an ambulatory measurement of the corrected QKD 100-60 interval. We included 22 hypertensives and 11 controls of mean age 60.6 vs 40.8 years. In this population, there was a correlation between RI and basal zero to peak flow variation (BZ-PF) (r ¼ À0.42; P ¼ 0.02) and a correlation between RI and rest flow to peak flow variation (RF-PF) (r ¼ À0.44; P ¼ 0.01). There was also a significant correlation between RI and the corrected QKD 100-60 (r ¼ À0.47; P ¼ 0.01). The significant correlation between PORH parameters and RI indicates that the functional modifications of the renal and cutaneous microcirculations tend to evolve in parallel during ageing or hypertension. The relation between RI and arterial stiffness shows that RI is a compound index of both renal microvascular impairment and the deterioration of macrovascular mechanics.

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Role of nitric oxide in the vascular effects of local warming of the skin in humans

Cited by 395 publications

References 22 publications

The effect of microdialysis needle trauma on cutaneous vascular responses in humans

The effect of microdialysis needle trauma on cutaneous vascular responses in humans

Sympathetic, sensory, and nonneuronal contributions to the cutaneous vasoconstrictor response to local cooling

Impairment of skin blood flow during post-occlusive reactive hyperhemy assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry correlates with renal resistive index

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