Role of nitric oxide in the defenses of Crassostrea virginica to experimental infection with the protozoan parasite Perkinsus marinus

Villamil, Luisa; Gomez‐León, Javier; Gomez‐Chiarri, Marta

doi:10.1016/j.dci.2007.01.006

Cited by 55 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…This may suggest some resistance of the TAM spores of M. cerebralis to nitric oxide. A certain resistance to NO action was also detected in the Eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica to experimental infection with the protozoan parasite Perkinsus marinus despite a significant inhibition of proliferation in early time points after infection (Villamil et al 2007). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Expression of immune-regulatory genes, arginase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), in two rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) strains following exposure to Myxobolus cerebralis

2009

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The present endeavor was conducted to evaluate the role of activated macrophage in the susceptibility of two different rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) strains, a susceptible American (T) and a more resistant German (H), to infection with Myxobolus cerebralis. Arginase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) genes were used as references to the alternative and classical pathway of macrophage activation. The expression level of both genes was measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The expression level of arginase-2 was significantly upregulated in strain T at 2 h and 8 days post exposure in the strain H. In case of iNOS, the expression level was significantly upregulated from 24 h to 8 days p.e. in strain T and only in 8 days p.e. in strain H. During this study also, the influence of nitric oxide (NO) on the viability of the triactinomyxon spores (TAMs) of M. cerebralis was evaluated using the NO-donor S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP). Rising final concentrations of SNAP from 0.25 to 1 mM at 2, 4, and 24 h resulted in increasing numbers of propidium iodide-positive TAMs detected. The results of this study suggest an inability of strain T to react with an effective immune response against infection with M. cerebralis. Furthermore, the TAMs of M. cerebralis react with significant decrease of viable spores to rising concentration of SNAP and longer incubation, but there is also evidence for some resistance to NO activity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Expression of immune-regulatory genes, arginase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), in two rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) strains following exposure to Myxobolus cerebralis

2009

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“…On the other hand, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), laminarin and Interleukin-2 (IL-2) induce NO in the mussel [11e13]. More recently, pathogenic organisms including parasites and bacteria have been shown to provoke NO production in mollusks [14,15]. Moreover, NO production is induced by the presence of a bacterium Vibrio species in mussels and the European carpet shell clams [16,17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Involvement of nitric oxide in the in vitro interaction between Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, hemocytes and the bacterium Vibrio tapetis

Jeffroy

Paillard

2011

Fish & Shellfish Immunology

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“…In mollusks, NOS-like activity has been detected in several species of bivalves, gastropods and cephalopods (reviewed in Palumbo, 2005), and NOS-encoding genes have been isolated from the gastropods Aplysia californica and Lymnaea stagnalis and the cephalopod Sepia officinalis (Korneev et al, 1997;Korneev and O'Shea, 2002;Scheinker et al, 2005). Nitric oxide was shown to be involved in neuromodulation in the central nervous system (Gelperin et al, 2000;Zsombok et al, 2000;Inoue et al, 2001), metamorphosis (Hens et al, 2006) and immune defense of mollusks (Tafalla et al, 2002;Tafalla et al, 2003;Novas et al, 2004;Villamil et al, 2007). By contrast, the possible involvement of NO in regulation of energy metabolism has not been explored in mollusks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of cadmium exposure and intermittent anoxia on nitric oxide metabolism in eastern oysters,Crassostrea virginica

Ivanina

Eilers

Kurochkin

et al. 2010

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARY Nitric oxide (NO) is an intracellular signaling molecule synthesized by a group of enzymes called nitric oxide synthases (NOS)and involved in regulation of many cellular functions including mitochondrial metabolism and bioenergetics. In invertebrates, the involvement of NO in bioenergetics and metabolic responses to environmental stress is poorly understood. We determined sensitivity of mitochondrial and cellular respiration to NO and the effects of cadmium (Cd) and intermittent anoxia on NO metabolism in eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica. NOS activity was strongly suppressed by exposure to 50gl -1 Cd for 30days (4.76 vs 1.19pmol NO min -1 mg -1 protein in control and Cd-exposed oysters, respectively) and further decreased during anoxic exposure in Cd-exposed oysters but not in their control counterparts. Nitrate/nitrite content (indicative of NO levels) decreased during anoxic exposure to less than 10% of the normoxic values and recovered within 1h of re-oxygenation in control oysters. In Cd-exposed oysters, the recovery of the normoxic NO levels lagged behind, reflecting their lower NOS activity. Oyster mitochondrial respiration was inhibited by exogenous NO, with sensitivity on a par with that of mammalian mitochondria, and ADP-stimulated mitochondrial respiration was significantly more sensitive to NO than resting respiration. In isolated gill cells, manipulations of endogenous NOS activity either with a specific NOS inhibitor (aminoguanidine) or a NOS substrate (L-arginine) had no effect on respiration, likely due to the fact that mitochondria in the resting state are relatively NO insensitive. Likewise, Cdinduced stimulation of cellular respiration did not correlate with decreased NOS activity in isolated gill cells. High sensitivity of phosphorylating (ADP-stimulated) oyster mitochondria to NO suggests that regulation of bioenergetics is an evolutionarily conserved function of NO and that NO-dependent regulation of metabolism may be most prominent under the conditions of high metabolic flux when the ADP-to-ATP ratio is high. Supplementary material available online at

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Role of nitric oxide in the defenses of Crassostrea virginica to experimental infection with the protozoan parasite Perkinsus marinus

Cited by 55 publications

References 42 publications

Expression of immune-regulatory genes, arginase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), in two rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) strains following exposure to Myxobolus cerebralis

Expression of immune-regulatory genes, arginase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), in two rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) strains following exposure to Myxobolus cerebralis

Involvement of nitric oxide in the in vitro interaction between Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, hemocytes and the bacterium Vibrio tapetis

Effects of cadmium exposure and intermittent anoxia on nitric oxide metabolism in eastern oysters,Crassostrea virginica

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