Role of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Health and Disease Pathophysiology: Recent Insights and Advances

Abstract

Neutrophils are the principal trouper of the innate immune system. Activated neutrophils undergo a noble cell death termed NETosis and release a mesh-like structure called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) as a part of their defensive strategy against microbial pathogen attack. This web-like architecture includes a DNA backbone embedded with antimicrobial proteins like myeloperoxidase (MPO), neutrophil elastase (NE), histones and deploys in the entrapment and clearance of encountered pathogens. Thus NETs play an inevitable beneficial role in the host’s protection. However, recent accumulated evidence shows that dysregulated and enhanced NET formation has various pathological aspects including the promotion of sepsis, pulmonary, cardiovascular, hepatic, nephrological, thrombotic, autoimmune, pregnancy, and cancer diseases, and the list is increasing gradually. In this review, we summarize the NET-mediated pathophysiology of different diseases and focus on some updated potential therapeutic approaches against NETs.

Immature neutrophils in cord blood exert increased expression of genes associated with antimicrobial function

“…We have observed significantly increased gene expression of DEFA4 in cord blood neutrophils compared to HV and PB. Neutrophil elastase ( ELANE ) is a marker of NET formation in health and disease ( 51 ). Here, we showed significantly elevated gene expression of ELANE in cord blood neutrophils compared to both HV and PB.…”

SWOT and Root Cause Analyses of Antimicrobial Resistance to Oral Antimicrobial Treatment of Cystitis

“…Major components of host responses are the neutrophils localized near the umbrella cells after infection by uropathogens (Figure 1). The neutrophils are the foot soldiers of the innate immune response [31,70]. Upon activation by chemokines [61], the neutrophils release mesh-like structures called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) to entrap the invading uropathogens in the urine-filled lumen [71] and those attaching to umbrella cells.…”

Role of Netosis in the Pathogenesis of Heart Failure

“…Кроме того, плазма пациентов  BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES  с COVID-19 вызывает активацию нетоза. COVID-19 усугубляет воспаление и вызывает тромботическую микроангиопатию, тем самым увеличивая смертность при этом заболевании [7,13,14]. Обширные данные указывают на образование NET и увеличение уровня циркулирующих маркеров NET, включая внеклеточную DNA, комплексы MPO-DNA, IL-6, TNF-α, гистон H4, протеазы PMN, CitH3 и увеличение экспрессии PAD4 в PMN при сахарном диабете II типа [15].…”