Role of nanostructures in allergy: Diagnostics, treatments and safety

Abstract

Nanotechnology is science, engineering and technology conducted at the nanoscale, which is about 1-100 nm. It has led to the development of nanomaterials, which behave very differently from materials with larger scales and can have a wide range of applications in biomedicine. The physical and chemical properties of materials of such small compounds depend mainly on the size, shape, composition and functionalization of the system. Nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, liposomes, polymers, dendrimers and nanogels, among others, can be nanoengineeried for controlling all parameters, including their functionalization with ligands, which provide the desired interaction with the immunological system, that is dendritic cell receptors to activate and/or modulate the response, as well as specific IgE, or effector cell receptors.However, undesired issues related to toxicity and hypersensitivity responses can also happen and would need evaluation. There are wide panels of accessible structures, and controlling their physico-chemical properties would permit obtaining safer and more efficient compounds for clinical applications goals, either in diagnosis or treatment. The application of dendrimeric antigens, nanoallergens and nanoparticles in allergy diagnosis is very promising since it can improve sensitivity by increasing specific IgE binding, mimicking carrier proteins or enhancing signal detection. Additionally, in the case of immunotherapy, glycodendrimers, liposomes, polymers and nanoparticles have shown interest, behaving as platforms of allergenic structures, adjuvants or protectors of allergen from degradation or having a depot capacity. Taken together, the application of nanotechnology to allergy shows promising facts facing important goals related to the improvement of diagnosis as well as specific immunotherapy.

Nanoarchitectures for efficient IgE cross‐linking on effector cells to study amoxicillin allergy

“…Abbreviations: AX, amoxicillin; AXO, amoxicilloyl; BiAn, bidendron antigen; MoAb, monoclonal antibody; RBL, rat basophilic leukemia cell PI17/01237, PI20/01734, PI20/01447, ARADYAL RD16/0006/0001 and Euronanomed Program AC19/00082 However, owing to the complexity of real drug allergy scenario, this kind of structure-activity relationship (SAR) approach with nanostructures has never been addressed involving drugs (as haptens) or samples from allergic patients (drug-sIgE). Inspired by our previous design of dendrimeric antigens that permit controlling the size, multivalence (number of haptens), and three-dimensional structure, 31,32 and showed potential use for drug-sIgE quantification, [33][34][35][36][37] we propose a new related nanoarchitecture design to expand the interaction studies with the immune system.…”

Changing patterns in the epidemiology of drug allergy

“…Delayed reactions 61 can be skin‐limited benign reactions associated with long lasting T‐cell memory, single organ toxicity due to nonimmune cell‐receptor interactions, immune complex‐mediate serum sickness‐like reactions, cytotoxic IgG‐mediated reactions, and SCARS such as (DRESS), SJS and TEN, AGEP some of which have been shown to be human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I alleles restricted 62,63 (Figure 1; Tables 1 and 2) and not amenable to desensitization. In vivo biomarkers 64 include skin testing by skin prick and intradermal methods, patch testing and drug challenges 7,65–67 and in vitro tests include tryptase, interleukin (IL)‐6, basophil activation test (BAT), mast cell activation test (MAT), nanoparticles and genotyping 58,68–75 (Figure 1).…”

“…Abbreviations: ADR, adverse drug reactions; AX, amoxicillin; BL, beta-lactams antibiotics; Ceph., cephalosporin; DA, drug allergy; DIA, drug-induced anaphylaxis; DMARDS, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs; Gen., generation; mAb, monoclonal antibody; NMBA, neuromuscular blockin agent; NSAIDS, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; PPI, proton pump inhibitor; RCM, radio contrast media.TA B L E 1 (Continued)testing and drug challenges7,[65][66][67] and in vitro tests include tryptase, interleukin (IL)-6, basophil activation test (BAT), mast cell activation test (MAT), nanoparticles and genotyping58,[68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75] (Figure1).Epidemiological data from official statistics based on hospitalization and emergency department information cover both immediate and delayed reactions. However, most data are based on severe spectrum since non-severe reactions can be auto-limited, with no need to admissions.…”

Multiepitope Dendrimeric Antigen-Silica Particle Composites as Nano-Based Platforms for Specific Recognition of IgEs

“…The chemical nature of the hapten(drug)-carrier(protein) conjugate has been extensively studied with the aim to emulate in vitro the in vivo recognition process ( 18 , 19 ). Moreover, numerous attempts to optimize and increase the sensitivity of the homemade RAST assays have been addressed taking into account the promising benefits of nanomaterials ( 20 , 21 ). In this context, PAMAM dendrimers have been proposed as perfect substitutes of the carrier protein in the hapten-carrier conjugate.…”