“…When SPSi was applied with RL irradiation, the effects of the isolated or combined heat and water stresses were mitigated by the increased A, PRO, TSP-L, TSP-R, and TSS-L levels under these stress conditions, in addition to TDM accumulation and reductions in RWC, gs, E, Ci, and CAT-L, CAT-R, and SOD-L activity ( Figure 4 ). This mitigation occurs as the SiMPs cross cell wall barriers and, when in contact with plant cells, are captured by plasmodesmata pathways and translocated by apoplastic and/or symplastic pathways [ 19 , 23 ], reducing lipid peroxidation by decreasing the H 2 O 2 levels, which restores the redox balance and mitigates oxidative stress [ 25 ]. In addition, RL could have potentiated the effect of SiMPs since RL irradiation activates the phyA, phyB, phyC, phyD, and phyE phytochromes responsible for light capture and modulation, gene expression, and the transduction of signals related to growth regulation, plant development, metabolic activities, and responses to heat and water stress [ 2 , 27 ].…”