Role of Mycoplasma genitalium MG218 and MG317 cytoskeletal proteins in terminal organelle organization, gliding motility and cytadherence

Pich, Óscar Q.; Burgos, Raul; Ferrer-Navarro, Mario; Querol, Enrique; Piñol, Jaume

doi:10.1099/mic.0.2008/020636-0

Cited by 31 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The terminal structure of M. genitalium is composed of at least seven proteins, of which two (MgPa [also known as MG191], of 140 kDa [88] and P110 [also known as MG192]) are needed for adherence in collaboration with accessory proteins, such as the MG218 and MG317 proteins (156,169). By use of a ferritin-labeled monoclonal antibody to the M. genitalium 140-kDa adhesin protein, it has been shown that it clusters on the terminal portion of the organism (88).…”

Section: Biological and Physical Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycoplasma genitalium: from Chrysalis to Multicolored Butterfly

2011

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SUMMARY The history, replication, genetics, characteristics (both biological and physical), and factors involved in the pathogenesis of Mycoplasma genitalium are presented. The latter factors include adhesion, the influence of hormones, motility, possible toxin production, and immunological responses. The preferred site of colonization, together with current detection procedures, mainly by PCR technology, is discussed. The relationships between M. genitalium and various diseases are highlighted. These diseases include acute and chronic nongonococcal urethritis, balanoposthitis, chronic prostatitis, and acute epididymitis in men and urethritis, bacterial vaginosis, vaginitis, cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and reproductive disease in women. A causative relationship, or otherwise strong association, between several of these diseases and M. genitalium is apparent, and the extent of this, on a subjective basis, is presented; also provided is a comparison between M. genitalium and two other genital tract-orientated mollicutes, namely, Mycoplasma hominis , the first mycoplasma of human origin to be discovered, and Ureaplasma species. Also discussed is the relationship between M. genitalium and infertility and also arthritis in both men and women, as is infection in homosexual and immunodeficient patients. Decreased immunity, as in HIV infections, may enhance mycoplasmal detection and increase disease severity. Finally, aspects of the antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance of M. genitalium , together with the treatment and possible prevention of mycoplasmal disease, are discussed.

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Section: Biological and Physical Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycoplasma genitalium: from Chrysalis to Multicolored Butterfly

2011

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“…The distinct flask-shaped morphology of M. genitalium cells can be attributed to its complex tip organelle involved in gliding motility (22)(23)(24)(25) and adherence to host cells and inanimate surfaces (26)(27)(28)(29)(30). Included among the tip organelle-associated proteins are the major adhesin, MgpB (also known as MgPa or P140), and its accessory protein, MgpC (also known as P110), which is required for the stability of MgpB (29).…”

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Persistence, Immune Response, and Antigenic Variation of Mycoplasma genitalium in an Experimentally Infected Pig-Tailed Macaque (Macaca nemestrina)

et al. 2013

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Mycoplasma genitalium is a sexually transmitted pathogen associated with several acute and chronic reproductive tract disease syndromes in men and women. To evaluate the suitability of a pig-tailed macaque model of M. genitalium infection, we inoculated a pilot animal with M. genitalium strain G37 in the uterine cervix and in salpingeal pockets generated by transplanting autologous Fallopian tube tissue subcutaneously. Viable organisms were recovered throughout the 8-week experiment in cervicovaginal specimens and up to 2 weeks postinfection in salpingeal pockets. Humoral and cervicovaginal antibodies reacting to MgpB were induced postinoculation and persisted throughout the infection. The immunodominance of the MgpB adhesin and the accumulation of mgpB sequence diversity previously observed in persistent human infections prompted us to evaluate sequence variation in this animal model. We found that after 8 weeks of infection, sequences within mgpB variable region B were replaced by novel sequences generated by reciprocal recombination with an archived variant sequence located elsewhere on the chromosome. In contrast, mgpB region B of the same inoculum propagated for 8 weeks in vitro remained unchanged. Notably, serum IgG reacted strongly with a recombinant protein spanning MgpB region B of the inoculum, while reactivity to a recombinant protein representing the week 8 variant was reduced, suggesting that antibodies were involved in the clearance of bacteria expressing the original infecting sequence. Together these results suggest that the pig-tailed macaque is a suitable model to study M. genitalium pathogenesis, antibody-mediated selection of antigenic variants in vivo, and immune escape. Mycoplasma genitalium is a recently recognized sexually transmitted pathogen associated with reproductive tract disease in men and women (reviewed in references 1 to 3). Infection with this organism has been associated with urethritis in men (4-6) and cervicitis (7-9), urethritis (10, 11), acute endometritis (12), chronic pelvic inflammatory disease (13), tubal factor infertility (14, 15), and preterm birth (16, 17) in women. When untreated or inappropriately treated, M. genitalium infection can persist for months to years (18-21), suggesting that this organism avoids elimination by the host immune response. Recent studies assessing M. genitalium treatment regimens have found that standard antibiotic therapy fails to cure a significant proportion of infections (reviewed in reference 1), highlighting the importance of a better understanding of M. genitalium pathogenesis so that effective treatment and prevention methods can be devised.The distinct flask-shaped morphology of M. genitalium cells can be attributed to its complex tip organelle involved in gliding motility (22-25) and adherence to host cells and inanimate surfaces (26-30). Included among the tip organelle-associated proteins are the major adhesin, MgpB (also known as MgPa or P140), and its accessory protein, MgpC (also known as P110), which is required for the sta...

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“…These two surface-exposed proteins are reciprocally stabilized (14) and clustered at the terminal organelle (15), a singular structure that polarizes the cell and assists in important functions such as cell adhesion, cell motility, and cell division (14,(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). MgpB and MgpC are also required for proper terminal organelle development (14) and regulate terminal organelle duplication during cell division by an unknown mechanism (21).…”

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Characterization of the Operon Encoding the Holliday Junction Helicase RuvAB from Mycoplasma genitalium and Its Role in mgpB and mgpC Gene Variation

Burgos

Totten

2014

J Bacteriol

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Mycoplasma genitalium is an emerging sexually transmitted pathogen associated with reproductive tract disease in men and women, and it can persist for months to years despite the development of a robust antibody response. Mechanisms that may contribute to persistence in vivo include phase and antigenic variation of the MgpB and MgpC adhesins. These processes occur by segmental recombination between discrete variable regions within mgpB and mgpC and multiple archived donor sequences termed MgPa repeats (MgPars). The molecular factors governing mgpB and mgpC variation are poorly understood and obscured by the paucity of recombination genes conserved in the M. genitalium genome. Recently, we demonstrated the requirement for RecA using a quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay developed to measure recombination between the mgpB and mgpC genes and MgPars. Here, we expand these studies by examining the roles of M. genitalium ruvA and ruvB homologs. Deletion of ruvA and ruvB impaired the ability to generate mgpB and mgpC phase and sequence variants, and these deficiencies could be complemented with wild-type copies, including the ruvA gene from Mycoplasma pneumoniae. In contrast, ruvA and ruvB deletions did not affect the sensitivity to UV irradiation, reinforcing our previous findings that the recombinational repair pathway plays a minor role in M. genitalium. Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and primer extension analyses also revealed a complex transcriptional organization of the RuvAB system of M. genitalium, which is cotranscribed with two novel open reading frames (ORFs) (termed ORF1 and ORF2 herein) conserved only in M. pneumoniae. These findings suggest that these novel ORFs may play a role in recombination in these two closely related bacteria.W ith a genome of only 580 kb encoding 482 predicted proteins, Mycoplasma genitalium is considered the organism with the smallest known genome capable of self-replication (1). Consequently, M. genitalium has become a model organism for understanding basic biological processes (2-4) and has been used as a platform to identify a minimal gene set required for autonomous cellular life (5). M. genitalium is also a sexually transmitted human pathogen with an implicated reproductive tract disease spectrum very similar to that of Chlamydia trachomatis, including urethritis in men (6) and cervicitis, endometritis, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and tubal factor infertility in women (7). M. genitalium infections are often asymptomatic and persistent (8-10), possibly increasing the risk for sexual transmission and sequelae such as PID and infertility. Despite the significance of primary disease and its sequelae, the molecular pathogenesis of M. genitalium has been understudied. Barriers to such investigations include the fastidious nature and slow growth of this bacterium, difficulty of isolating contemporary strains from human specimens, and the limited genetic tools available for molecular investigations (11).In previous studies, we and others have shown that M. genitalium strains gen...

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Role of Mycoplasma genitalium MG218 and MG317 cytoskeletal proteins in terminal organelle organization, gliding motility and cytadherence

Cited by 31 publications

References 38 publications

Mycoplasma genitalium: from Chrysalis to Multicolored Butterfly

Mycoplasma genitalium: from Chrysalis to Multicolored Butterfly

Persistence, Immune Response, and Antigenic Variation of Mycoplasma genitalium in an Experimentally Infected Pig-Tailed Macaque (Macaca nemestrina)

Characterization of the Operon Encoding the Holliday Junction Helicase RuvAB from Mycoplasma genitalium and Its Role in mgpB and mgpC Gene Variation

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