Role of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles as diagnostic and therapeutic tools for highly prevalent viral infections

Abstract

Nanotechnology is increasingly playing important roles in various fields including virology. The emerging use of metal or metal oxide nanoparticles in virus targeting formulations shows the promise of improved diagnostic or therapeutic ability of the agents while uniquely enhancing the prospects of targeted drug delivery. Although a number of nanoparticles varying in composition, size, shape, and surface properties have been approved for human use, the candidates being tested or approved for clinical diagnosis and treatment of viral infections are relatively less in number. Challenges remain in this domain due to a lack of essential knowledge regarding the in vivo comportment of nanoparticles during viral infections. This review provides a broad overview of recent advances in diagnostic, prophylactic and therapeutic applications of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles in Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Hepatitis virus, influenza virus and Herpes virus infections. Types of nanoparticles commonly used and their broad applications have been explained in this review.

Betanodavirus and VER Disease: A 30-year Research Review

“…Despite all the significant progress achieved in NNV detection over the last few years, recent advances linked to the use of nanotechnology, already reported in human and animal viruses [298][299][300][301][302][303][304][305][306], could provide a substantial improvement in these diagnostics in the near future. Different nanostructures are available at present, such as nanoparticles (NP), carbon nanotubes (CNT), dendrimers, and quantum dots (QDs) among others, and can be applied to the identification of nucleic acids, proteins and viral particles as well as antibodies [307,308].…”

Oriented Attachment Is a Major Control Mechanism To Form Nail-like Mn-Doped ZnO Nanocrystals

“…To clarify the mechanism, we carried out HRTEM of two samples (Fig. 3): The NPs obtained after 10 min reaction time without stirring (MZO- 10) showing the attachment of pyramids to each other ( Fig. 2c) and the nail-like NPs obtained after 60 min of stirring ( Fig.…”

Highly photocatalyst efficient in LEDs/solar active and reusable: Sm–ZnO–Ag nanoparticles for methylene blue degradation

“…Moreover, during the course of the experiment, a very important observation was noted that antibacterial and fungal action was greatly enhanced when they were charged with more than 2% concentration and generation of free radicals although growth on agar plates is a maximum means of observing the antibacterial and fungal properties. Based on its zone diameter, Enterococcus and Pseudomonas sp show a excellent catalyst activity [29,[37][38][39].…”