Role of metabolic enzymes in conferring resistance to synthetic pyrethroids, organophosphates, and phenylpyrazole compounds inRhipicephalus microplus

Enhanced metabolism and selection of pyrethroid-resistant western corn rootworms (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte)

“…Reduced adult susceptibility to the organophosphate dimethoate and increased susceptibility to the oxadiazine indoxacarb were also detected by active ingredient dose-response bioassays conducted on pyrethroid-resistant WCR populations (Souza et al, 2019b). Cross-resistance between structurally related insecticides such as pyrethroids and organophosphates is often associated with increased activity of detoxification enzymes such as cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases (P450s), esterases and glutathione S-transferases (Cahill et al, 1995;Carvalho et al, 2013;Chigure et al, 2018;Hemingway et al, 1993). Biological activity of esterase/amidases could be particularly important in hydrolyzing amide-containing insecticides such as dimethoate, and also in bioactivation of the pro-insecticide indoxacarb (Wing et al, 2000;Yu and Nguyen, 1998).…”

Background on the control of the cattle tick R. (B.) microplus and the use of coumarin substances as an alternative

“…There are also reports that have demonstrated the presence of combinations of different resistance mechanisms. 96,125,126,6 This type of resistance is known as "cross resistance," which occurs when a single defense mechanism against an insecticide also confers resistance to other insecticides, even if the insect has not been previously exposed to the other products. 130 Development of high levels of a particular enzyme or altered forms of it with higher catalytic rates, which eliminate naturally occurring toxins in hosts, these enzymes include esterases, cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, and glutathione S-transferases.…”

“…124 Increase in the activity of the enzymes β-naphthol, β-esterase and cytochrome P450, in pyrethroid, organophosphorus and phenylpyrazole resistant ticks. 125 Reduced sensitivity at the site of action Change of pesticide fixation site, eliminating or significantly reducing effectiveness 121 KDR (shock resistance): sodium channel interference in nerve cells. Commonly developed in resistance to DDT and pyrethroids.…”

Evaluation of acaricidal resistance status of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks from the hilly state (Uttarakhand) of India and evaluation of efficacy of a natural formulation for the management of resistant ticks

“…But indiscriminate use of these chemicals has significantly contributed to the development and establishment of resistant tick populations (Cossio-Bayugar et al 2009;Domínguez-García et al 2010;Klafke et al 2017;Cuore et al 2017;Bandara and Karunaratne 2017;Vilela et al 2020). Similarly, several reports are available on establishment of acaricide resistant populations in different parts of India (Singh et al 2010(Singh et al , 2012Kumar et al 2011;Sharma et al 2012;Shyma et al 2013;Singh and Rath 2014;Ahanger et al 2015;Gaur et al 2016;Dutta et al 2017;Chigure et al 2018;Fular et al 2018;Shakya et al 2020). The gradual establishment of organophosphate (OP) and synthetic pyrethroid (SP) resistant tick populations has increased the dependency of farmers on use of formamidine (amitraz) and macrocyclic lactones.…”